Sanzhar Seitzhafarovich Asfendiarov(October 20, 1889 – February 25, 1938) was an outstanding state and social political figure, a major scientist, an oriental historian, an organizer of the system of higher education and academic science of Kazakhstan, one of the first Kazakh certified military doctors, the first Kazakh professor, one of the founders of historical science of Kazakhstan, the author of the fundamental scientific work ‘History of Kazakhstan’, a publicist. Being a member of Muslim bureau he participated in the struggle for political sovereignty of “Turkrespublic”, an active participant and organizer of the struggle against starvation and epidemics in Bukhara, Turkistan and Kazakhstan, one of the founders and first leaders of the Kazakhstan base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a participant of the First World and Civil War in 1918-1920, advocated the unification of Kazakh lands during the period of national-state separation in 1924.
Biography
According to the metric certificate found in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, the future statesman and politician was born on October 20, 1889 in Tashkent, and at birth was named Sanzhar by the imam of the Russian part of the city Gamullah Yamlikhoy [1]. His parents – father Seitzhafar and mother Gulyandam belonged to two major dynasties of Kazakh khans, which came from Abulhair and Abylai. Sanzhar’s father was Aishuak Khan ‘s great-grandson, and his mother was the daughter of Koskarbai, Sarjan Kasymov ‘s son. Sanjar ‘s paternal great-grandfather, Aishuak Khan ‘s first-born son, Suyik Ali Sultan, according to Nurala Khan ‘s reports in a letter to Catherine II in November 1770 became the Khan of the Karakalpaks who inhabited the right bank of Amudarya [2].
Compared to Sanjar ‘s great-grandfather his grandfather, Asfendiar Sultan’s, one of Sujik Ali ‘s ten sons, historical documents about the life and activities have been considerably more preserved in the archives. Already at a young age, he was a part of the close entourage of his uncle, the last Khan of the Younger Juz – Shergazy (1812-1824). After the liquidation of the Han authority in 1824 by a decision of the Orenburg Border Commission, Asfendyar was admitted to public service and sent to the command of the Sultan Ruler of the Western part of the Lesser Horde Baimuhamed Aishuakov. After some time, distinguished with Asfendiar ‘s extraordinary abilities, the commission appoints him as a Chief of the 31st Distance of the Western Part, the majority of the population of which were from the Jetyru tribe. In 1842, Asfendiar was awarded the military rank of esaul for exemplary service, giving him and his descendants the right to inherit the noble title [3].
During the period 1847-1865 Asfendiar managed the 31st and 38th distances, and also was the head of the territory near the Ural Fortress for a while. In these positions Asfendir Sultan was engaged in solving many important issues: cessation of barymta and inter-ancestral conflicts, resolution of land and property disputes that arose among representatives of different Kazakh genera in the territory under his control, collection of tax. Asfendiar Sultan was awarded various state awards for his exemplary service, among which it is particularly worth noting the gold medal on the Annen Ribbon and the named gold seal. In their reports to their superiors, officials of the Orenburg Administration of different ranks highlighted the determination, firm character, mind, great influence and authority of Asfendyar among Kazakh sultans, descendants of Aishuak Khan, eloquence, knowledge of steppe positions and the “Tatar” certificate [4].
In the summer of 1859 Asfendyar, as part of the Kazakh deputy, consisting of 12 influential sultans and rulers of the Lesser Horde, visited the capital of the Russian Empire – St. Petersburg. Members of the parliament were awarded the audience of Emperor Alexander II, grand princes, heirs of the throne – Nicholay and Mikhail, as well as ministers of internal and foreign affairs [5].
For a quarter of a century, Asfendyar Sultan, being a member of the managerial Kazakh elite of the Small Horde, witnessed great socio-political changes in the Kazakh steppe: after the elimination of Khan rule, the power of Russian rule increased every year therefore the dissatisfaction of the local population with the colonial policy of tsarism resulted in people’s tension and rebellion. Moreover, the colonial administration took decisive steps to remove the traditional political system of Stepnoy Krai, one of which was aimed at weakening the power, role and influence of Kazakh sultans of Chingizid origin among the local population. In those circumstances, taking care of the future of his children, Asfendiar Sultan decides to give them a progressive education that would allow them to continue the way of their ancestors – service to their native people.
Both sons of Asfendyar Sultan graduated from leading educational institutions of the Orenburg region in 1864: the elder Mohammed Magzum became a graduate of the Nepluevsky cadet corps, and the younger Seitzhafar of the Kazakh school under the Regional Department of the Orenburg Kazakhs. After graduation, they followed in the footsteps of their father: in 1864, Mohammed Magzum was appointed the manager of the genus of zhyrai in the Western part of the Little Horde [6], and Seitzhafar in the same year as one of the five best graduates of the school was recruited to the public service in the Orenburg Regional Administration as a full-time translator, which was combined with tutoring in the Kazakh school [7].
Having worked in the Orenburg administration for three years and having gained experience, the young zauryad-horunzhiy Seitzhafar decides to transfer to service in the Turkistan region, where a new governor-general of the same name was formed. In the spring of 1868, he was admitted to the position of translator under Lieutenant Colonel N. Kolzakov, head of the Kuraminsky District of Syrdarya Region [8]. In that way Seitzhafar’s service in the Turkistan region started continuing for long fifty years.
Seitjafar, as a military interpreter in Turkistan, managed to achieve considerable heights and deserved recognition. In that he was helped not only by his Sultan origin, but also by his perfect knowledge of several Eastern languages, Russian diploma, excellent knowledge of the history, customs and traditions of the peoples of the Kazakh steppe and Turkistan region. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries Seitzhafar, as the head of the diplomatic department and embassy houses of the Turkistan Governorate General, visited St. Petersburg four times as part of the Bukhara and Khivin delegations, where he acted as an interpreter during negotiations between Central Asian rulers and representatives of the Romanian dynasty and the highest state ranks [9]. In the summer of 1891, Seitjafar accompanied the Governor-General of the Turkistan Region, Baron A. Vrevsky, during an expedition to Pamir.
Thanks to his personal and professional qualities, he managed to become not only the first, but also the only representative of the local peoples of the Turkistan region, awarded in 1916 for the seniority of a high military rank of major general with the right to wear a uniform. For his long and exemplary service, Seitzhafar was awarded various state orders of the Russian Empire and the Bukhar Emirates. His name was widely known and respected among the indigenous peoples of Turkistan. As an example, during the period of political and democratic transformations following the overthrow of the royal autocracy, he was elected Honorary Chairman of the Congress of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz of the Turkistan Region, which took place on August 2-5, 1917 in Tashkent [10]. The congress was attended by prominent representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the Turkistan region, most of whom were members of the «Kenes» society organized by Seitzhafar [11].
According to Seitjafar himself, he, following the example of his father Asfendiar, strived to give his children an advanced education. To this end, he arranged them to study at leading educational institutions of Turkistan region – sons at Tashkent Real School, and daughters at Tashkent Women’s Gymnasium. As time has shown, Seitjafar’s visionary and thoughtful move has fully justified itself. His children left their deep and indelible mark in the history of the Kazakh people: Aisha married the first graduate of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy from among the Kazakhs – Almukhamed Kutebarov, later became the first Kazakh stenographer, and Umma Gulsum, graduating in 1908 from St. Petersburg women’s Medical Institute is the first Kazakh physician [12]. The younger daughter of Seitzhafar Anel worked in Kazinpros in Tashkent, and then married a graduate of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases of SAGU N. Ragoz, who later reached the rank of Major General of the Red Army. Their only daughter, Asiya graduated from the Eastern Faculty of the LSU in 1956, defended her PhD thesis on “Sogdian Fragments of the Central Asian Assembly of the Institute of Oriental Studies” in 1972.
His third son, Sanzhar, was not an exeption as well – on reaching school age in 1898 on the written application of his father in the name of the director of Tashkent Real School A. Kedrov was admitted to the first preparatory class. This educational institution trained students in Science disciplines and prepared them for admission to technical universities in Russia. By the will of fate, only Sanjar of all four sons of Seitjafar managed to complete a full course and graduate from the school in 1907.
According to the charter of real schools, matriculation certificate and graduation certificate gave Sanzhar the right to enter one of the universities of the Russian Empire having passed only through verification tests. Wishing not to miss this opportunity, in the summer of the same year Sanzhar goes to the capital, where he submits his documents to St. Petersburg Imperial State University. However, due to the lack of marks in Latin and the “Law of God” in the certificate, this attempt of his failed. According to his own autobiographical information, then on the advice of the older sister Gulsum, who at that time studied at the Women’s Medical Institute, he submits his documents to the Imperial Military Medical Academy [13].
Not the last role in Sanzhar’s admission to study was played by the letter of his father to N. Grodekov, Governor-General of the Turkistan Region. In it Seitjafar, noting his numerous merits and long service in the province, asked for all possible assistance to his son. The result of this appeal was a letter dated 23 June 1907 from N. Grodekov addressed to the Minister of War, A.F. Rediger, in which he, noting the importance of training the highest medical personnel of indigenous nationalities, requested “to order the admission of Sanjar to the academy mainly before others, as a Muslim” [14]. As can be seen from the subsequent developments, this letter influenced the positive outcome, and in August 1907 Sanjar was admitted to the academy as a free listener before passing an additional examination in Latin.
A year later, young Sanzhar will become a full student of the oldest medical university in Russia, engaged in training class ranks for the military department and military personnel of the medical service. At that time, three Kazakhs – Saduakas Shalymbekov, Khalel Dosmukhamedov and Nurgali Ipmagambetov – were already studying in the walls of the academy. Even earlier, in 1898 Almukhamed Kutebarov became the first graduate of the academy from among the Kazakhs.
The years spent in the academy became a big school of life for the young Sanzhar, here along with the understanding of the basics of the drug business of famous Russian doctors and founders of Russian medicine, he gradually equates to the capital lifestyle, starts new dating, participates in the student movement, attends meetings of Turkistan earthlings in St. Petersburg. On one of them he gets acquainted with his future wife, the daughter of the famous lawyer Serala Lapin – Rabiga, trained together with her sister Rahilya at the Pavlovsky Institute of Noble ladies. In the spring of 1912, they, with the permission of their parents and the superiors of the Academy, got married [15].
The formation of Sanzhar’s life views was influenced not only by well-known teachers-doctors, but also by the political events that took place in the capital after the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. Then, almost throughout the Empire, political and social organizations opposed to the ruling tsar regime significantly revitalized their activities, took an active part in the unification of students into various societies. At the same time, in an official capacity, the first Kazakh deputies as part of the State Duma, bright representatives of the emerging national intelligentsia A. Bukeichanov, A. Beremzhanov, M. Tynyshpayev.started to visit the capital of the empire more often. On their initiative, informal meetings with Kazakh students took place in the capital, where the problems of protecting the rights and interests of the Kazakhpeople, the form and ways of conducting a liberation struggle against the colonial regime, the difficult economic situation of the nomadic population, the acute land crisis, and many others were discussed. Sanzhar was a participant in such meetings along with M. Shokai, H. Dosmukhamedov and other students.
Having passed a full course of sciences at the military medical academy, and having passed a comprehensive state examination consisting of 28 subjects, Sanzhar in November 1912 was awarded a diploma of military lecturer by the decision of the State Testing Commission [16]. For the use of the Naval Fellowship during his studies, Sanjar was obliged to serve in the royal army for 4 years. By the decision of the General Military Sanitary Department of the Military Ministry Sanzhar as a native of the Turkistan region is determined to serve in the Turkistan military district along with other 10 graduates of the academy. The place of his ministry is defined by the 10th Turkistan Rifle Regiment, located in Termez on the border of the Bukhara Emirates and Afghanistan [17].
At the end of the two-month holiday after training, in early March 1913 S. Asfendiarov arrives in Termez, where he immediately assumes the duties of a regimental doctor, and also works at the local infirmary. Here in the distant region, due to climatic features, soldiers were often infected with various infections. By providing medical and surgical care to sick and wounded soldiers, Sanjar accumulates a lot of professional and life experience. Due to his responsible approach to duties S. Asfendiarov was often assigned as an observer of the infirmary [18]. Six months later, by order of the Turkistan District Military Sanitary Department S. Asfendiarov is appointed as the senior doctor of the 9th Turkistan Rifle Regiment, and in May of the following year he is transferred to work as the senior doctor in the 3rd Turkistan Rifle Brigade.
The first serious military failures of the royal army on the North-Western Front of the First World War forced the High Military Command to launch a large-scale mobilization of the military-obliged in all military districts of the Russian Empire, including the Turkistan Military District. From several military formations stationed in the province, the 5th Turkistan Rifle Regiment was created, which was to go to the theatre of war. The duties of senior doctor of this regiment were entrusted to young Lieutenant S. Asfendiarov. In September 1914, the 5-Turkistan Rifle Regiment, which arrived at the war, became part of the 11th Siberian Rifle Division, which was involved in the August and Lodza operations on the territory of East Prussia. In one of the heavy battles near Lodzew, S. Asfendiarov is shot in the head and, along with the entire regiment, is captured by the enemy. In total, by the beginning of 1915, the royal army suffered substantial losses on the fronts of the war, more than 1.5 million soldiers were killed or wounded, and more than 750,000 soldiers were captured by the enemy [19].
The time spent in the German captivity became quite a hard test for S. Asfendiarov and his fellow-soldiers. As the officer and the doctor of the Russian army he was sent to a concentration camp for medical workers. But even there necessary medical care was not provided because of non-compliance with elementary sanitary standards and deficiency of food therefore hunger and infectious diseases developed into epidemics quickly and began to extend. Several months S. Asfendiarov was restored after wound, and after improvement of the state of health by command of the camp he as the doctor begins to get involved in fight against epidemics and treatment of prisoners of the war. In the imitated infirmaries without lighting and heat, in a condition of an acute shortage of medicine, medical accessories and facilities S. Asfendiarov continued to do medical responsibility, performing difficult surgeries and being engaged in treatment of patients and wounded who occupied almost all German camps during the first period of war.
Duration of stay in captivity of the Russian prisoners of war including S. Asfendiarov was caused by the treacherous relation of the Rate of tsar army which left the soldiers who got to an enemy camp to the mercy of fate. Long time, the Russian side, ranking them as traitors of the Motherland, strongly refused to send the relevant documents of sanitary and medical ranks which on the existing of an international agreement, in case of confirmation of the medical specialty had to be released and sent back. Only thanks to intervention of the International Red Cross, at the end of 1915 S. Asfendiarov gets into group of prisoners of war who are returned to Russia at first by the railway, and then by sea transit via Sweden.
During the war in Petrograd special point where all Russian prisoners of war were subjected to careful interrogation and medical examination after which, they as politically unreliable elements were deactivated and transferred to the jurisdiction of the military districts was created. So, at the beginning of 1916 Sanjar returned to native Tashkent where on memories of Rabigi Seraliyevna’s sister – Rakhili, became the subject to fixed observation of imperial secret police [20].
Stay in concentration camps in Kutno, Thorn and Aleksandrovka had some notable consequences for S. Asfendiarov. Severe military reality at the war, acquaintance with the progressive social and democratic ideas through communication with representatives of the European people in captivity became the reason of radical changes of its vital reference points, allowed to understand much more deeply the scales of colonial policy of the imperial government in the national outskirts that, finally promoted evolution of his political and pacifistic views. Despite having problems with health after infection with typhus, in the conditions of an acute shortage of a medical personnel, the Turkestan district military and sanitary administration, in January, 1916 appoints him at first the manager of a sanitary part of the Tashkent disciplinary company, and later the senior doctor of the Tashkent team of the state militia [21] which was created from the retired and sent to a reserve soldiers of imperial army for maintenance of public order in the region. Together with the wounded military personnel, who were returning from the front in the area of the railroad, natives of Turkestan started infecting local’s ith different infections which caused the beginning of epidemics of belly and jail fever in the region. To fight against them the all existing medical reserves, which were available in Turkestan, were used and few doctors among whom there was already experienced medical officer S. Asfendiarov were mobilized.
At a time of growing protests against Tsar Nicholay II’s June decree calling for rear work, in the summer of 1916 this group refused to open fire on the peaceful rally of the indigenous inhabitants of the old part of Tashkent. For disobedience and refusal to comply with the order, all personnel of the team, including its doctor S. Asfendiarov, were transferred to remote Termez. Here, at the beginning of his service, he met the news of the fall of the monarchist regime in February 1917.
In the wake of the political transformation that followed shortly after the revolution, soldiers and officers of the military formations stationed in the strengthening of Termez in order to protect their interests and rights begin to organize councils of deputies, where a military doctor S. Asfendiarov was delegated as he had a great authority among his colleagues. In April 1917 he participated in the regional congress of Soviets held in Novaya Bukhara and was elected a member of the regional Council of Workers and Soldiers Deputies [22]. This council, after the revolution, fought the Russian Residence in Bukhara led by L. Miller and the Turkistan Committee of the Provisional Government under N. Schepkin. In the block with the Young Rukhars, Council members tried to force Emir Seid Alimhan into a fundamental reform of society. However, their efforts proved to be in vain, on 8 April 1917, the peaceful march in Bukhara on the occasion of the Emir ‘s Manifesto was brutally suppressed and the Young Rukharians were subjected to political repression and expelled outside the Emirates [23].
In June 1917, the Regional Council of Workers and Soldier Deputies recalled S. Asfendiarov to Tashkent. At that time, there was a unification of Muslim workers into a separate organization in an old part of the city, most of which were native residents of the region who returned from the rear works. He directed this organizational work of S. Mufti-zade,to which S. Asfendiarov joined a bit later. As a result, on July 15, 1917, the Council of Muslim Workers Deputies of the Old City part of Tashkent was formed, which included 32 people, and S. Asfendiarov was unanimously elected the Chairman of its executive committee [24]. Thanks to his active social and political activity and his name also becomes known outside Turkistan. It can be cited as evidence that following the results of the I All-Kazakhstan Congress held in Orenburg in July 1917, he together with A. Kenesarin, S. Utegenov, A. Kutebarov, M. Shokai, Z. Seydalin, I. Kasymov, S. Khodanov and other well-known Kazakh figures of Turkestan were elected as a candidate [25]
On August 2-5, 1917, the First Congress of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz of Turkistan Territory was held in Tashkent under the chairmanship of M. Tynyshpayev, where his father Seitzhafar and sister Gulsum took part together with Sanzhar. An important outcome of the congress was the decision to establish the Central Council of Kirgiz-Kazakhs of Turkistan, as well as the organization of local councils in the Syrdarya and Fergana regions [26]. For the first time at the congress S. Asfendiarov gets acquainted with both well-known Kazakh figures and representatives of the young generation who have just started their social and political activities, among which it is worth noting T. Ryskulova, K. Sarymuldayev and I. Toktabayev. Together with them, he discusses the difficult socio-political situation in the province, exchanges views and develops a general plan for the struggle for the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples of Turkistan.
At the end of the congress, S. Asfendiarov directs all his efforts to launch the activities of the Council headed by him, which began to work in contact with the Tashkent Council and local Muslim political organizations – Shura-Islamia, Turan, etc., focusing the main forces on the preparation for the forthcoming elections to the Tashkent City Duma. On them the unconditional victory was won by Shura-Ulema under the leadership of S. Lapin, who achieved 62 seats in the Duma out of 112 possible. On the other hand, the Council of Muslim Workers Deputies managed to bring to the City Duma only one representative, which became S. Asfendiarov [27]. According to his own confessions, the Council lacked strength and political influence, In order to solve practical tasks, at the same time, through their organization, the Tashkent Council, headed by the Bolsheviks and the left Socialist-Revolutionaries, tried to establish political control over the inhabitants of old Tashkent, Which in turn was divided and had neither a single political center nor a common idea for the consolidation of all segments of the Muslim population. In September of the same year S. Asfendiarov on the pages of “Our Newspaper” noted, That… “the failure of our Muslim progressive organizations is due to the fact that by focusing mainly on the resolution of political and cultural and educational issues, And calling in this regard for the unity of all Muslims of Russia, they put on the background the protection of the economic needs and class interests of the broad democratic masses of the population, For in these matters there must inevitably be division among Muslims. By putting out specific slogans that can unite the working classes, Muslim progressive organizations will thus arouse the strongest opposition of the mighty class of haves and clergy, which they believe can compromise the whole cause of progressive endeavours” [28].
These lines, vividly demonstrate the political views and position of S. Asfendiarov himself. He, unlike the Turkic-Muslim intelligentsia who took the path of the autonomous movement, was involved in the revolutionary movement from the soldier mass, in the environment of which until the Bolshevik coup in October 1917 the positions of the social revolutionaries were strong, and therefore treated without due enthusiasm to the alternatively proclaimed Turkistan autonomy in Kokand. The life experience accumulated by S. Asfendiarov allowed the sober assessment of the arrangement of political forces in Turkistan, and to distance himself from participation in the government under the leadership of M. Tynyshpayev at first, and then replaced him during the February conflicts with the Bolsheviks of M. Shokay. His predictions which proved more than realistic that Kokand autonomy, which had no regular army, weapons, money, strong allies and experienced political figures, was defeated by Red Army soldiers and Armenian Dashnaks just two months later. It was for this position that later M. Shokay strongly criticized in his memories, arguing that he entered the revolution not from the “national side” and “not from the people” [29], which for objective reasons was impossible, taking into account his pre-revolutionary activities.
After the defeat of Kokand autonomy and the establishment of the power of the Russian Bolsheviks in the province, S. Asfendiarov as an experienced and qualified doctor, was taken on mandatory record, and at the proposal of the new government in February 1918 was sent to Bukhara, where he was responsible for the work on combating infectious diseases and epidemics. Here, fulfilling his medical duty and risking his life, S. Asfendiarov is again infected with typhus and returns to Tashkent. Treatment for this disease takes him a long six months. According to his own memories, this time he devotes to self-education and reading books of historical content, which were collected by his father.
In December 1918, having improved his health, S. Asfendiarov responds to the call of T. Ryskulov, who created and headed a separate commission under the TurCEC started a boiling work to combat the unprecedented widespread famine affecting the entire indigenous population of Turkistan [30]. As part of the commission, S. Asfendiarov, as an experienced physician, was responsible for establishing the work of the local branches of the Central Commission for combating hunger with the regional and county health authorities, providing medical care to populations suffering from infectious diseases and epidemics, the involvement of health workers, the establishment of special sanitary cordons and quarantine zones, ensuring the supply of medicines and disinfectants by organizing and equipping sanitary trains, increasing the number of treatment and outpatient centres in nomadic areas, recording and registering street children and placing them in orphanages, monitoring public feeding centres, etc.
As a result of the enormous work carried out by the Commission and its field offices throughout the Turkistan Republic, hunger had decreased markedly by mid-1919. Even earlier, in April S. Asfendiarov was withdrawn fromthe Commission by Narodzdrav Turkistan ASSR and was mobilized to the Zakaspian Civil War Front as the military doctor of the 1st Chernyayevsky (Soviet) Regiment. In May, the party cell of this regiment S. Asfendiarov was admitted to the ranks of the RCP(b) [31].
Having returned from the front in September 1919, S. Asfendiarov is actively engaged in the activities of the Muslim Bureau, which under the leadership of T. Ryskulov waged an uncompromising struggle against the Russian Bolsheviks for political power in the Turkistan region. A few months later, the Muslim Bureau managed to break the resistance of the “old Communists” headed by A. Kazakov and to get them expelled from the republic [32]. In the wake of this success, the Muslim Bureau is beginning to nominate and lobby indigenous candidates for important government positions. S. Asfendiarov was proposed for the post of People’s Commissioner of Health. Despite the persistent opposition of TurCEC and Kraikom KPT, in October 1919 the Muslim Bureau managed to secure the appointment of S. Asfendiarov to the post of healthcare drug at great expense [33].
S. Asfendiarov became the first professional medical doctor of indigenous nationality to head Narodzdrav, which at that time, due to the acute shortage of qualified medical workers, consisted entirely of Russian doctors, who often expressed complete indifference and unconsern to the problems of the local population in the field of national health. In a short period of time, S. Asfendiarov managed to reorganize and streamline the work of the central apparatus of Narodzdrav, establish communication with regional and county health departments, involve experienced specialists. In this post S. Asfendiarov paid great attention to training of lower medical personnel from indigenous nationalities, having organized short- and long-term courses on training of medical assistants and nurses. Together with G. Asfendiarova, he developed the curriculum of these courses. And already in the first year this work brought significant results, the number of dental doctors in the province increased to 32, medical assistants to 494, midwives to 102, and nurses to 120 [34]. S. Asfendiarov also took an active part in the organization of the medical faculty as part of the Turkistan State University (TSU), which was preceded by a lot of preparatory work.
Thanks to the efforts of the drug addict S. Asfendiarov in 120 urban hospitals of the republic the number of hospital beds was increased to 10 thousand, and in more than 30 outpatient centers in rural areas to 1 thousand. In 1919-1920, 53 dental outpatient clinics and 5 dental laboratories were equipped in the Turkistan region. The operation of resort hospitals of regional importance in Chimgan, Jalalabad, Janakurgan, Chernyaev was also established, the number of places in these places was increased to 500 people. During the same years, under the leadership of S. Asfendiarov, the activity of pharmacy management and pharmaceutical business was systematized, the provision of medicines and medical supplies to the population was significantly improved, the production of serums and vaccinations against various infectious diseases was continued, and sanitary control was strengthened.
Following the results of the V Congress of the Communist Party of Turkistan and the Xth Congress of Councils of the Republic, held in Tashkent in September 1920, Asfendiarov is appointed the People’s Commissioner of Agriculture. One of the main and important directions in the activity of S. Asfendiarov in the new post was the implementation of land and water reform, the beginning of which was triggered by the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – “The main tasks of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in Turkistan” of June 29, 1920 [35]. According to him, the highest Soviet-party bodies of the Republic were to direct their main efforts to the settlement of relations between the sent European population and the indigenous inhabitants, the equation of their rights to land and water, to the fight against patriarchal-feudal remnants, manifestations of bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism. The strike areas of the reform were recognized as the counties of Syrdarya and Semirechenskiy, partly Fergana regions, most severely affected by the resettlement and agrarian policy of tsarism.
By the end of 1920, Narodzemov, under the leadership of S. Asfendiarov, had developed more than two dozen of legislative and regulatory acts aimed at preparing the legislative framework for land reform, defining the forms and methods of its implementation, created special land and land-building commissions, opened courses of agronomists and landmembers [36]. At the initiative of S. Asfendiarov, the central office of the commissariat was restructured, well-known specialists and agronomists were involved in the work, related departments were merged and new ones were created in the national committee in order to reform the national department, a new situation of the national department and instructions on the general interaction of the Nathioanal Cmmittee with the land departments on the ground were approved. At the same time, active work began to unite small and landless peasants into various unions of the poor, later transformed into “Koschi” unions, seeds for the sowing company were purchased from the Center, agricultural equipment and equipment, dead equipment, a state seed fund was formed, the size of labour lands was determined, forms of agricultural cooperation and lending began to develop.
At the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Turkistan S. Asfendiarov in his report, summed up the main results of the first stage of land and water reform. According to him, since the beginning of the year in the 3 regions of Turkistan, 56 villages, 299 huthors and winters of Russian settlers have been eliminated, 15.5 thousand dehkans have been arranged at their expense, 81 thousand tithins of land have been transferred to the land fund [37]. By the summer of 1921, about 6,000 departments of the ‘Koschi’ Union were formed in the auls and kishlaks of Turkistan, which united more than 90 thousand dehkans and peasants [38]. In total, 70 villages were dismantled in 5 regions of Turkistan during the six months of the reform, 241 loans, 23 plots of land and 989 non-work farms of Russian and Cossack settlers, as a result of the relocation of 3.5 thousand families, 272.7 thousand tithings of land were released, on which 7.1 thousand families of peasants were created, Including Kazakh-Kyrgyz refugees returning from China [39].
Land and water reform was an important step towards the restoration of Turkistan agriculture destroyed during the first world war, the 1916 uprising, the 1917 revolution and crop failure, the 1918-1919 famine, the civil war and the armed Basmaic movement. Such prominent representatives of the national intelligentsia as M. Tynyshpayev, K. Khojikov, M. Yespolov, S. Khojanov, U. Jandosov and many others were involved in this process.
The intermediate results of the land-water reform by the delegates of the party congress were considered satisfactory; its further implementation was entrusted to the Uzbek figure I. Hidiraliev, who replaced S. Asfendiarov as a national committee chief. The senior leadership of the Republic highly appreciated the organizational abilities of S. Asfendiarov and appoints him the Chairman of the plenipotentiary representative office of the Turkistan Republic in Moscow to the WMTC and Narodnac of the RSFSR [40]. The Turkic representation, which was established in May 1920, was entrusted with the task of protecting the interests of the Republic in the Centre for Political, Socio-Economic, Cultural and Educational Issues. However, at the first time, it failed to cope with these functions due to unsystematized activities, which were not in the hands of trade agents, so that the combined and unopposed commissariats of Turkrepublics for the purchase and transportation of necessary goods preferred to communicate independently with the central authorities in Moscow, bypassing the representation.
Having assumed the duties of the head of Turkic representation, S. Asfendiarov reorganized it: instead of the economic department, the economic council was formed, the staff of agents was reduced, the provision on representation was revised, energetic employees were appointed to the positions of heads of departments, a new board was formed [41]. Thanks to these changes, by the end of 1921 the activity of the representative office was significantly revitalized, through its agricultural goods and equipment, factory products, food, medicines and medical equipment, various kinds of literature and periodic printing sets, collections of laws and regulations of the RSFSR government began to be sent to Turkistan through the railway.
As the head of the Representative Office S. Asfendiarov at the meeting of the Board of Narodnac of the RSFSR held on October 25, 1921 was unanimously elected its member [42]. Together with the heads of missions of the Turkic autonomous republics and regions within the RSFSR S. Asfendiarov entered into the protection of the interests and rights of Turkic-Muslim peoples, trying to influence the adoption of various decrees and laws. For example, in September 1921 S. Asfendiarov criticized the “Regulation on Universities of the RSFSR,” drawing attention to the fact that its main points, although acceptable to other autonomous republics, require certain changes taking into account the specifics of the Turkistan region. In his opinion, in order for the TSU to meet the needs of Turkrepublica ‘s development, it was necessary to seek, first of all, the independence of the local National Education Agency. They were offered a set of measures to transform the TSU, which, if implemented, would allow it “to make the cultural and national heritage of local peoples, who will look at it as their native child, rather than as a tool of Rusification of the region” [43].
Having worked in this position until January 5, 1922, he returns to Tashkent due to the party cleansing in Turkistan, and after some time he is admitted to the board of National Land Committee and appointed to the position of head of the Department of Land Administration. Thus, S. Asfendiarov is again involved in the implementation of land-water reform. During the period 1922-1924 S. Asfendiarov was among the prominent statesmen of Turkistan. The highest leadership of the Republic, noting its talent as an organizer, high erudition, knowledge of the life and customs of local peoples, accumulated managerial experience, authority among local workers is appointed to various high-level State posts, introduces into State commissions, entrusts the drafting of important normative and legal acts. During these two years S. Asfendiarov has to combine several positions at the same time in different spheres, in 1923 he together with work in Narodzem, the second time elected to the post of Narodzdrava, heads government commissions, as a member of the TurCEC, the Soviet Committee of Turkrepublic and the Executive Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Turkof Turk. In 1923 he served as Deputy Chairman of the Government of Turkrepublic [44].
In 1924 S. Asfendiarov was involved in the national-state separation of the republics of Central Asia. In March 1924 S. Asfendiarov, as a member of the Special Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) headed by G. Broido, goes to Khiva to discuss the issues of separation with the leaders of the Khorezm Republic and the plan of its implementation [45]. On July 15, 1924 by a decree of the Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B) S. Asfendiarov together with S. Khojanov, S. Eskarayev, A. Sergaziev from Turkistan ASSR, S. Mendeshev and A. Alibekov from the Kazakh ASSR are introduced into the Kazakh national commission, whose function was to resolve territorial disputes, to determine the boundaries and population of future republic, preparation of contracts on transfer of property, statutes of party organizations, distribution of personnel for formation of state apparatus, preparation of economic budgets and plans. In the group of Kazakh figures he defends the territorial integrity of the Kazakh lands and advocates the transfer of Tashkent as an important economic and market center of the Kazakhs of the Syrdarya region to the Kazakh ASSR [46]. At the final stage of separation S. Asfendiarov works as part of liquidation commissions of Mediazburo Central Committee of RCP(b) and Turkistan. On November 18, the IV Extraordinary Session of the TurCEC terminates the work of the TurCEC, the NSC and the Economic Council of the Turkistan ASSR, and adopts a resolution on the transfer of all power on its territory to the revcoms of the new republics. S. Asfendiarov and S. Khojanov signed this historical document from the Kazakh responsible employees [47].
After the end of the complex separation process, S. Asfendiarov, as a native of Tashkent and an experienced organizer of the medical affairs, is invited by the Revcom of the Uzbek SSR to the position of health care national committee [48], however, he, linking his future with Kazakhstan, refuses and soon gives his consent to head the authorized representative office of the Kazakh ASSR in Central Asia [49]. In this position S. Asfendiarov is engaged in solving political, socio-economic and cultural issues common to the republics of the Central Asian region, which arose after the separation, takes an active part in the work of the RevCom on the management of the Kazakh regions of the Turkistan ASSR, which are becoming part of the Kazakh Republic [50].
In April 1925 S. Asfendiarov participated in the work of the V Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR in Akmechet, where the historical self-name of Kazakhs was returned and a new capital – Kzyl-Orda – was chosen. Following the Congress, Asfendiarov, as part of the representative delegation, goes to Moscow to participate in the III Congress of Soviets of the USSR and the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets. There he is elected as a member of the WMTC and the CEC of the USSR. At the sessions of the Central Committee and the CEC of the USSR held in May, S. Asfendiarov was alternately elected Deputy Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the USSR A. Kiselev, Head of the Department of Nationalities under the Presidium of the Central Committee of the USSR, as well as Secretary of the Council of Nationalities of the CEC of the USSR [51]. In these positions, he is directly involved in the establishment of autonomous republics and regions, the definition of their boundaries and territorial division, the establishment of relations between central and regional Soviet bodies, the justification of economic zoning, the protection of the national interests of small ethnic groups and nationalities living in the territory of the RSFSR. As an experienced worker, he is included in various permanent state and government commissions and committees, which were engaged in preparatory and organizational work for the sessions of the WCIC, with land issues, and is entrusted with drafting constitutions of autonomous republics. In 1926, along with T. Ryskulov and responsible Kyrgyz workers, he worked to transform the Kyrgyz region into an autonomous republic within the RSFSR.
In November 1926, wishing to take an advantage of the arrival of national responsible workers to attend the III session of the WMTC, S. Asfendiarov and Deputy Chairman of the NSC of the RSFSR T. Ryskulov take the initiative to hold a special meeting to discuss issues of national-state construction. At the meeting held on November 12, S. Asfendiarov in his theses calls for strengthening the work of Soviet and party bodies in all national republics, proposes the introduction of two languages – Russian and local – into the proceedings of the highest bodies of State power, for spiritual needs of administrative-territorial units to form a general current fund, to increase material and financial assistance to the national economy in the national republics, to expand the rights and powers of local authorities. Unfortunately, these very relevant proposals arising from the practice of national-state construction in the RSFSR, were perceived as National Ublonism, and for holding a meeting without the authorization of the country’s top party leadership, many of its participants are subjected to political persecution in their republics, and in December 1926 T. Ryskulov, S. Asfendiarov, A. Dosov and I. Nagovitsin were personally received by I.V. Stalin for the report on the results of this meeting [52].
After the high-profile “Ryskulov meeting,” S. Asfendiarov continues to work in the central office of the Central Committee of the Russian Federation. Following the results of the XIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which took place in April 1927 S. Asfendiarov is re-elected a member of the VCIC, but at the same time is released from almost all the positions held, except for membership in various commissions. During this period, he actively is engaged in work on the creation of the All-Union Central Committee of the New Turkic Alphabet, and in May 1927 was elected to its presidium. In June, Mr. Asfendiarov participated in the work of the First Plenary of the Central Committee of the NTA, held in Baku. It will approve the “Regulations on the Committee” and elect a new Bureau of 12 persons. At a meeting S. Dimenstein expressed the opinion that “if the comrade S. Asfendiarov works constantly, it will be a big acquisition” [53]. Going forward, we will say that S. Asfendiarov not only supported the idea of transition to a new Turkic alphabet based on Latin, but also took a direct part in it, first in the Center and then in Kazakhstan, as evidenced by his extensive report on the significance of Romanization at the plenum of the Central Committee of the NTA, held in Almaty in 1930 [54].
In August 1927 S. Asfendiarov was appointed Rector of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after N. Narimanov in Moscow by the decision of the CEC of the USSR [55]. One of his first steps towards the revival of this oriental center was the development of a new “Regulation on the Institute,” which was approved in February 1928. However, the curriculum was completely revised and a new plan of scientific research was drawn up. On the initiative of S. Asfendiarov, the Institute opened a new department of Central Asia, which was to study the history and culture, traditions and customs, economy and economic order of the peoples of the Soviet East [56]. The curriculum for this department was developed with the direct participation of S. Asfendiarov, who gave lectures to students of the Institute on the history of Turkic-speaking peoples. This innovation becomes quite logical, considering the fact that in November 1927 S. Asfendiarov was appointed Acting Director of the Institute for the Study of Ethnic and National Cultures of the Peoples of the East and was appointed to the Presidium of the Russian Association of Research Institutes of Social Sciences (RANION) [57].
Administration and organizational work in these two scientific institutions S. Asfendiarov combines with pedagogical activity, gives a course of lectures to students and postgraduate students on the history of Turkic-speaking peoples of the USSR, national issue and colonial policy, teaches the history of the East at the pedagogical faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. At the end of 1927, by the decision of the Council of the Department of Social Studies of this Faculty S. Asfendiarov is the first Kazakh to be awarded the high scientific title of professor [58].
As the head of two Oriental centers, a member of the All-Union Scientific Association of Oriental Studies at the CEC of the USSR, a member of the Commission for the Study of National Affairs and the Commission for the Study of Literature of the Peoples of the East at the Communist Academy, Professor S. Asfendiarov is among the prominent historical scientists who laid the foundation of Soviet oriental in Moscow in the second half of th 20s of the last century. For several years S. Asfendiarov has been studying the history of Islam. The main results of this work were presented in his debut scientific paper on this problem, in which he was one of the first in Soviet Islamic studies to provide scientific justification for the causes of Islam in Arabia in terms of the foundations of Marxist science [59]. Two years later, in 1930, this monograph will be reprinted in Tashkent and Samarkand in Uzbek on the basis of the Latin alphabet with a total circulation of 3,000 copies [60]. At the same time, in a separate issue of the magazine Atheist, devoted to the problems of the history of Islam, his voluminous article “Islam and nomadic economy” is published, in which he developed his main scientific ideas and views on the genesis of Islam [61].
During this period, Kazakhstan held a lot of preparatory work on the organization of the first university. For 3 years, the senior management of the Kazakh ASSR tried without success to justify the need to open a center for training teachers, agricultural workers and medical professionals, in which the Republic was in dire need. Only in the spring of 1928, thanks to the efforts of the Deputy Minister of Education of the Kazakh ASSR D. Avksyentevsky, the Soviet Union of the RSFSR, with the active participation of T. Ryskulov, adopted a resolution on the establishment of the Kazakh State University. S. Asfendiarov was invited to the position of the first rector and organizer of this university [62], who enjoyed authority and fame in the academic environment and scientific circles of the RSFSR. As evidence, a letter dated 19 October 1928 from the Board of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies addressed to the Secretary of the CEC of the USSR, A. Enukidze, in which he urged to leave S. Asfendiarov as a rector, because all the positive changes that took place at the Institute were related to his energetic activities. The letter also highlighted his personal human qualities [63].
Having moved to work in Kazakhstan in 1928 S. Asfendiarov until his arrest in August 1937 leads a huge work to create a network of universities and scientific and academic institutions of the republic. During just under nine-year period of time, thanks to his rapid scientific and organizational activities, educational, medical and zooveterinical universities were opened in Kazakhstan, the Research Institute for the Protection of Mothers and Children, Ophthalmology, Skin-Venereal and Tuberculosis Diseases, the Institute for the Study of National Culture, in which he headed the history sector, was established. S. Asfendiarov was not only the first Rector of KazSU, but also the first Dean of the Historical and Geographical Faculty opened in 1934 in its walls and Head of the Department of History, author of the first educational manuals in Kazakh and Russian languages [64].
In 1932 S. Asfendiarov in the group of responsible workers and scientists leads the work on the establishment of the Kazakhstan base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Together with academics A. Samoilovich (chairman), B. Keller, E. Britzke, professor I. Baryshnikov (academic secretary) and M. Tulepov is a member of the first Scientific Council of the base. In a short period of time, thanks to the devoted work of these scientists, the Kazakhstan base became a large scientific center of the republic, in which there were geophysical, historical and literary, sand-desert, biological sectors, chemical laboratories were opened, since 1936 the postgraduate school began to work, in which the national personnel of scientists began to train, the Central Scientific Library was created [65]. Taking into account the fact that the first chairmen of the base well-known academics Turkolog A. Samoilovich and geologist A. Arkhangelsky represented the interests of the base being in Leningrad and rarely visited Kazakhstan, it becomes quite obvious that the management of the base on the spot was led directly by S. Asfendiarov [66]. This is evidenced by A. Arkhangelsky ‘s power of attorney for the management of the base issued in his name [67]. In December 1936 Professor S. Asfendiarov gives a report on the activities of the Kazakhstan base at the meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which resulted in the decision to increase the volume of its financing from two sources – the Union and local budgets [68].
The last years of S. Asfendiarov ‘s life have become most fruitful in his scientific activity. In 1935-1936 his fundamental scientific works “History of Kazakhstan (from ancient times)” and “National liberation uprising of 1916 in Kazakhstan” were published in Russian and Kazakh languages [69]. At the same time, under his editorial office, a two-volume collection “The Past of Kazakhstan in Sources and Materials” was published [70], which was the result of painstaking work on collecting unique historical and written sources on the history of Kazakhstan. Famous historians such as professors A. Kunte and S. Tomsinsky, as well as the expert of the history of Central Asia K. Hodgikov took part in the compilation of the collection. At the same time, the periodical press published his scientific and journalistic articles, which covered topical problems of the historical past of the Kazakh people [71].The bloody Stalin repression of 1937-1938 did not ignore both S. Asfendiarov himself and his family. On 25 February 1938, he was sentenced to capital punishment – shooting. After the arrest of her husband in August 1937, his wife Rabiga Seralievna resigned from the post of Head of the Department of Processing of the State Public Library, who in July 1938 was convicted as the “wife of the enemy of the people” and sent to Akmola camp of wives of traitors of the Motherland for 5 years. Their daughters – Aliya, a graduate of the Institute of Foreign Languages named after M. Teresa, and then very young Adalat learned all the hardships and deprivation of life. The severely damaged health of R. Asfendiarova during the years of camp detention caused her death on May 4, 1954. She was rehabilitated posthumously on March 31, 1958 by the decision of the Military Tribunal of the Turkistan Military District.
The name of Professor S. Asfendiarov was associated with a whole era in the formation of academic science and the system of higher education in our country. The scientific provisions, theories and hypotheses put forward by him have not lost their scientific value and relevance and in modern times, whole generations of historians and researchers have grown on his works. S. Asfendiarov was not only a prominent scientist, organizer, but also a dedicated patriot of his people. It is sufficient to mention that during the years of the violent famine of 1931-1933, as the People’s Commissioner of Health of the Kazakh ASSR, he led the work on the fight against epidemics and infectious diseases, and made his invaluable contribution to the preservation of the gene pool of the nation.
In 1989, speaking at a scientific conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of S. Asphendiarov, academician R.B. Suleimenov, among the first historians to begin a comprehensive study of his life and activities, a rich scientific heritage, rightly drew attention to the fact that “after almost half a century since his death and a century since his birth, the greatness of the scientist is increasingly visible; a revolutionary, a statesman, the major contribution he made to the development of orientalist problems. It is increasingly obvious that much of his research is based on a modern understanding of many important historical issues, and we have no right to forget this “[72].
Merits
During the period of mass famine in 1918-1919 in Turkistan and in 1931-1933 in Kazakhstan as a qualified doctor took an active part in the struggle against epidemics and in the preservation of the genetic fund of the nation, training of medical personnel from among the representatives of indigenous nationalities. In 1924, during the national-state separation of the republics of Central Asia, he advocated the unification of Kazakh lands. Leading oriental centers in Moscow was at the origin of the formation of Soviet oriental studies. Organizer and first rector of two specialized universities of Kazakhstan – pedagogical and medical, one of the founders of the first academic scientific institutions and centers of the republic, one of the first heads of the Kazakhstan base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He is a prominent historian, author of the first scientific works on the history of Kazakhstan, editor-in-chief of the first 2-volume scientific collection “The Past of Kazakhstan in Sources and Materials.”
Memory
The name of S. Asfendiarov was assigned to the main medical university of the country – Kazakh National medical university. Streets in Almaty, Kyzylorda and Talgar are named by his name. In the main building of the Kazakh National Medical University there placed a granite bust in the honor of S. Asfendiarov.
References:
1 Sankt-Peterburg Imperatorlyқ әskeri-medicinalyқ akademijanyң studentі S.Asfendiarovtyң zheke іsіndegі tuu turaly kuәlіk // RMӘTA (Resejdің memlekettіk әskeri-tarihi arhivі). 316-қ., 67 t., 9-іs, 18-p.
2 Sol hatta Nұraly han onyң ұly Pіrәlі Maңғystau tүrіkmenderіnің, al Әdіl sұltannyң ұly Aғym sұltan Hiuaғa han bolyp sajlanғandyғy turaly mәlіmdejdі // RISSA (Resej imperijasynyң syrtқy sajasat arhivі). 122-қ, 122/2-t., 19-іs, 184-189-pp.
3 Zhүnіsbaev A. Sүjіk Әlі zhәne Asfendiar sұltandar (Sanzhar Asfendiarovtyң atalary turaly) // Қazaқstan mұraғattary. – 2012. – № 1. – 17 b.
4 Orynbor shekaralyқ komissijanyң keңesshіlerі I.Bikmaevtyң, P.Vanevtің zhәne K.Kaminskijdің mіnezdemelerі (31 mamyr – 1 mausym 1848 zh.), sondaj-aқ arnajy іster sheneunіgі V.Lazarevskijdің mәlіmdeme hattary (26 қaңtar 1850 zh.) // ҚR OMA (Қazaқstan Respublikasynyң Ortalyқ memlekettіk arhivі). I-4-қ, 1-t., 2500-іs, 2-4 pp.; 2512-іs, 88-p.
5 ҚR OMA. I-4-қ, 1-t., 2983-іs, 14, 31, 76-94 pp.
6 Sejіtzhafar Asfendiarov 1845 zhyly Kіshі Ordanyң Batys bөlіgіnde (қazіrgі Batys Қazaқstan oblysy) tuyp, 1928 zh. Tashkentte zherlendі.
7 ҚR OMA. I-4-қ., 1-t., 3074-іs, 4-4 a.p., 6-6 a.p.
8 ҚR OMA. I-4-қ., 1-t., 3776-іs, 278-278 a.p.
9 ӨR OMA (Өzbekstan Respublikasynyң Ortalyқ memlekettіk arhivі). I-17-қ, 1-t., 52-іs, 4, 8 pp.
10 Zhүnіsbaev A. Sanzhar Asfendiarov: өmіrі men қyzmetі (1889-1938 zhzh.). T. 1: (1889-1918 zhzh.). – Almaty: «Eltanym baspasy», 2014. – 151-154 bb.
11 Tүrkіstan ajmaғy қazaқ-қyrғyzynyң zhalpy zhinalysy // Bіrlіk tuy. – 1917. – 20 tamyz.
12 Zhүnіsbaev A. Sanzhar Asfendiarovtyң aғalary men әpkelerіnің өmіrі turaly // «Қoғam zhәne dәuіr». – 2011. – № 1. – 115-125 bb.
13 ӨR PAA (Өzbekstan Respublikasy Prezidentі Apparatynyң arhivі). 53-қ., 65-t., 77-іs, 119 p.
14 RMӘTA. 316-қ., 67-t., 9-іs, 14-14 a.p.
15 RMӘTA. 316-қ., 67-t., 9-іs, 4-6 pp.
16 RMӘTA. 316-қ., 67-t., 9-іs, 3; 69-t., 150-іs, 3 a.p., 592-592 a.p.
17 RMӘTA. 546-қ., 2-t., 4279-іs, 64 p.
18 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Sanzhar Asfendiarov – әskeri dәrіger // Қoғam zhәne dәuіr. – 2011. – №4. – 128 b.
19 Kokebaeva G.K. Germanija – Rossija – SSSR: politika, vojna i plen. – Almaty: Қazaқ universitetі, 2009. – S. 37.
20 Sulejmenov R.B. S.D. Asfendiarov i stanovlenie sovetskoj istoricheskoj nauki v Kazahstane // Velikij Oktjabr’ i social’no-jekonomicheskij progress Kazahstana. – Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1987. – S. 158.
21 ӨR OMA. I-762-қ., 1-t., 30-іs, 101 a.p.
22 ӨR PAA. 58-қ., 65-t., 77-іs, 119 a.p.
23 Hodzhaev F. K istorii revoljucii v Buhare. – Tashkent: Uzbekskoe gosizdatel’stvo, 1926. – S. 13-31
24 Pobeda Oktjabr’skoj revoljucii v Uzbekistane. Sb. dokumentov. V 2-h t. – Tashkent: Izdatel’stvo AN Uzbekskoj SSR, 1963. – T. 1. – S. 173-174.
25 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Sanzhar Asfendiarov zhәne Tashkent mұsylman zhұmysshy deputattar keңesі // Mir Bol’shogo Altaja. – 2016. – № 2. – 227-240 bb.
26 Mahaeva A.Sh. Қazaқ-қyrғyz sajasi bajlanystarynyң tarihy (XVIII ғasyrdyң ekіnshі zhartysy – XX ғasyrdyң bas kezі). – Almaty: Cennye bumagi, 2007. – 299-302 bb.
27 ӨR PAA. 58-қ., 65-t., 77-іs, 120 p.
28 Nasha gazeta. – 1917 g. – № 110. – 5 sentjabrja.
29 Shokaj M. Izbrannye trudy: v 2-h t. / Sost. i avtor predislovija K.L. Esmagambetov – Almaty: Arys, 2016. – T. 2. – S. 392-393.
30 Қoңyratbaev O.M. Tұrar Rysқұlov: қoғamdyқ-sajasi zhәne memlekettіk қyzmetі. Tүrkіstan kezeңі. – Almaty: Қazaқstan, 1994. – 51-69 bb.
31 ӨR PAA. 58-қ., 65-t., 77-іs, 120 p.
32 Қoңyratbaev O.M., Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Mұsylman Bjurosy – egemendіk idejasynyң zharshysy (1919-1920 zhyldar). – Almaty: IP «Uathanov» baspasy, 2011. – 108 b.
33 ӨR OMA. R-17-қ., 1-t., 1105-іs, 17 a.p.
34 ӨR OMA. R-17-қ., 1-t., 52-іs, 23 a.p.
35 ӨR OMA. R-29-қ., 3-t., 1615-іs, 110-123 pp.
36 Bjulleten’ VI S#ezda Kommunisticheskoj partii Turkestana. – 1921. – № 7. – S. 26.
37 ӨROMA. R-17-қ. 1-t. 45-іs. 472-473 pp.
38 Davlet-Jusupov M.H. Sojuz «Koshchi» i ego rol’ v ukreplenii Sovetskoj vlasti v Turkestane (1919-1924 gg.). – Tashkent: Gosizdat UzSSR, 1953. – S. 18.
39 ӨR OMA. R-17-қ., 1-t., 59-іs, 192 p; R-25-қ., 1-t., 407-іs, 45 a.p.
40 RFMA. R-1318-қ., 1-t., 5-іs, 137 p.
41 Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporjazhenij pravitel’stva za 1921 g. – M., 1944. – St. 486 (S. 803-809).
42 RFMA. R-1318-қ. 1-t. 162-іs. 453 p.
43 RFMA. R-1318-қ. 1-t. 162-іs. 453 p.
44 RӘSTMA. 62-қ., 1-t, 20-іs, 50 p.
45 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Ұlttyқ-memlekettіk mezheleu barysynda Sanzhar Asfendiarovtyң қazaқ zherіnің tұtastyғyn қalpyna keltіru zholyndaғy қyzmetі // Қazaқstan mұraғattary. – 2013. – № 3. – 39-50 bb.
46 ӨR OMA. R-17-қ., 1-t., 372-іs, 5 p.
47 ӨR OMA. R-87-қ., 1-t., 3-іs, 1 p.
48 ҚR PA (Қazaқstan Respublikasy Prezidentі arhivі). 141-қ., 1-t., 12-іs, 2 p.
49 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Sanzhar Asfendiarov – Қazaқ AKSR-nің Orta Azijadaғy өkіlettі өkіlі (1924-1925 zhzh.) // Tarih taғlymy. – 2014. – № 1. – 11-16 bb.
50 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Sanzhar Asfendiarov – RKFSR BOAK tөralқasy zhanyndaғy ұlttar bөlіmіnің meңgerushіsі (1925-1927 zhzh.) // Қazaқstan mұraғattary. – 2014. – № 1. – 59-60 bb.
51 Na prieme u Stalina. Tetradi (zhurnaly) zapisej lic, prinjatyh I.V. Stalinym (1924-1953 gg.). Sprav. / Nauch. red. A.A. Chernobaev. – M., 2008. – S. 761.
52 Stenograficheskij otchet pervogo plenuma Vsesojuznogo Central’nogo Komiteta novogo tjurkskogo alfavita, zasedavshego v Baku ot 3-go do 7-go ijunja 1927 g. – M.: Izdanie VCK NTA, 1927. – S. 168.
53 Asfendiarov S. Bor’ba za novyj alfavit – bor’ba za novuju kul’turu // Sovetskaja step’. – 1930. – № 103 (1885). – 13 maja.
54 RFMA. R-3316-қ., 13-t., 6-іs, 230-a.p.
55 RFMA. R-3316-қ., 21-t., 55-іs, 1 p.
56 RҒAA (Resej Ғylym akademijasynyң arhivі). 355-қ., 1-t., 60-іs, 37 p.
57 Sulejmenov R.B. S.D. Asfendiarov i stanovlenie sovetskoj istoricheskoj nauki v Kazahstane / Velikij Oktjabr’ i social’no-jekonomicheskij progress Kazahstana. – Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1987. – S. 161.
58 Asfendiarov S. Materialy k izucheniju Vostoka. Chast’ pervaja. Prichiny vozniknovenija islama. – Samarkand-Tashkent: Uzbekskoe gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1928. – 70 s.
59 Asfendiarov S. Islam zuhurynyң sebebleri. – Samarқant-Tashkent: Өznәshr, 1930. – 66 b.
60 Asfendiarov S. Islam i kochevoe hozjajstvo // Ateist. – 1930. – № 58. – S. 3-18.
61 ҚR PA. 141-қ., 1-t., 2243-іs, 35 p.
62 RFMA. R-3316-қ., 21-t., 55-іs, 1-1 a.p.
63 Asfendiarov S. Shyғystaғy ұlttyқ tөңkerіsshіl қozғalystyң tarihy. – Almaty: Қazaқstan baspasy, 1931. – 25 b.; Sonykі. Istorija nacional’no-revoljucionnyh dvizhenij na Vostoke (zadanie 1-e). – Alma-Ata: Kazgosizdat, 1932. – 24 s.
64 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Қapzaқ memlekettіk universitetіnің құrylu tarihy zhәne Sanzhar Asfendiarovtyң rektorlyқ қyzmetі (1928-1931 zhzh.) / Asfendiarov S. Shyғarmalar zhinaғy / Құrast. Әbzhanov H.M., Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. – Almaty: « El-shezhіre», 2014. – T. 4. – 306-335 bb.
65 Sulejmenov R.B. Iz istorii razvitija nauki v Kazahstane (1933-1940 gg.) / V kn.: Voprosy istorii socialisticheskogo i kommunisticheskogo stroitel’stva v Kazahstane. – Alma-Ata: Izdatel’stvo AN KazSSR, 1961. – S. 142.
66 RҒAA. 188-қ., 2-t., 147-іs, 10 p.
67 ҚR PA. 141-қ., 1-t., 10620-іs, 62-77 pp.
68 Asfendiarov S.D. Istorija Kazahstana (s drevnejshih vremen). Tom pervyj. – Alma-Ata – Moskva: Kazkrajizdat, 1935. – 262 s.; Sonykі. Қazaқ tarihynyң ocherkіsі. Bіrіnshі bөlіm. – Almaty: Қazaқstan baspasy, 1935. – 91 b.; Sonykі. Nacional’no-osvoboditel’noe vosstanie 1916 goda v Kazahstane. – Alma-Ata-Moskva: Kazahstanskoe kraevoe izdatel’stvo, 1936. – 149 s.; Sonykі. Қazaқstandaғy 1916 zhylғy ұlt-azattyқ kөterіlіsі. Tarihi ocherk. – Almaty: Қazaқstan baspasy, 1936.
69 Proshloe Kazakstana v istochnikah i materialah. Sbornik І (V v. do n.je. – XVIII v. n.je.). Pod redakciej prof. S.D. Asfendiarova i prof. P.A. Kunte. – Alma-Ata – Moskva: Kazkrajizdat, 1935. – 299 s.
70 Zhүnіsbaev A.Ә. Saңlaқ ғalymnyң mұrasy: Sanzhar Asfendiarovtyң shyғarmalar zhinaғy turaly // «edu.e-history.kz» jelektrondyқ ғylymi zhurnaly. – № 4. – 2015.
71 Sulejmenov R.B. Vidnyj dejatel’ socialisticheskogo stroitel’stva v Srednej Azii i Kazahstane, uchenyj vostokoved // Sanzhar Dzhafarovich Asfendiarov. (Sb. nauchnyh statej). Sostavlen iz materialov nauchnoj konferencii, posvjashhennoj 100-letiju so dnja rozhdenija S.D. Asfendiarova (Alma-Ata, oktjabr’ 1989 g.). – Alma-Aata: KazPI im. Abaja, 1990. – S. 26.
