History of the institute
Detailed history of the institute
For many years, the presentation of the history of Kazakhstan was conceptually and thematically tied to the structural and thematic framework of the history of the USSR. The history of Kazakhstan was studied as if on the periphery, outside the context of world-historical evolution. It was also believed that the study of the past of Kazakhstan began only in Soviet times. Thus, the continuity in the development of historical thought of Kazakh society was artificially violated in favor of the totalitarian party ideology1. Already in the Middle Ages, original works on the history of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia appeared on the land of Kazakhstan. In the “Genealogy of the Turks” by Abulgazi, the origins of Kazakh society were revealed. At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, the first Kazakh historian who wrote about the Kazakh people was Kadyrgali Kosumuly. Today, these works are perceived as a living thread connecting distant times with the deep processes of modernity.
The historical experience of the struggle of the Kazakh state for a full-fledged existence in the Central Asian region was refracted in the tradition of shezhire – a concentrated expression of the historical self-awareness of Kazakh society. The most prominent historians of shezhire, such as Mashkhur-Zhusup and Shakarim, became outstanding figures of Kazakh culture.
The study of Kazakhstan by the Russian school of oriental studies is of exceptional importance. Its leading representatives gave a powerful impetus to the emergence of Kazakh researchers with European historiographic traditions in the depths of the Kazakh society – Ch. Ch. Valikhanov, I. Altynsarin, M. S. Babadzhanov and others, who made up a whole layer of Kazakh culture. The contribution of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the comprehensive study of the history of Kazakhstan is invaluable. The research of A. Bukeikhanov, M. Tynyshpayev, A. Baitursynov and the entire Kazakh intelligentsia of the early 20th century was tested in scientific institutions of St. Petersburg, Tashkent, Omsk, and Orenburg.
The 1920s were largely spent under the banner of preserving previous historiographic traditions and, in terms of organizing science, were primarily associated with the Society for the Study of Kazakhstan.
The beginning of the creation of the academic network dates back to 1932, when the Kazakhstan base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed. In 1933, the Kazakh Research Institute of National Culture was created as part of it, which was engaged in the study of history, archeology, literature and folklore, language construction, fine and musical-choreographic arts. The historical and archaeological sector of this institute served as the basis for the formation of the historical sector of the Kazakhstan base in 1936, and then the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1938). In 1941, the Institute of Language, Literature and History was organized as part of the KAZFAN USSR, at the origins of which stood such remarkable Kazakh scientists as N.T. Sauranbayev (the first director of the Institute), A.Kh. Margulan, S. Amanzholov and others.
The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov was created on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the decision of the staffing commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated December 6, 1944 No. 689, Resolution of the Presidium of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 20 dated August 14, 1945 “On the separation of independent institutes from the Institute of Language, Literature and History: the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography and the Institute of Language and Literature.”
In January 1961 the Institute was named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov.
By the Resolution of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR No. 73 of September 12, 1991, it was renamed the Institute of History and Ethnology named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov.
The structure of the IIE in 1945 looked like this:
1. The sector of history of Kazakhstan, which included the departments: history of the ancient and medieval period, history of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan;
2. The archaeology sector consists of the following departments: Paleolithic and Neolithic; Bronze and Early Iron;
3. Ethnography sector with a department of crafts and everyday life.
At the suggestion of K.I. Satpayev, in mid-1946, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR was headed by Serafim Vladimirovich Yushkov and was its first director until July 1948. By this time, Serafim Vladimirovich was already a well-known scholar in the field of history of state and law.
For historical science, the first years of the Institute’s work were years of gathering and consolidating scientific forces, and developing professional historians. If at the time of the Institute’s establishment there were only three sectors and five scientific workers, three of whom (A.Kh. Margulan, B.S. Suleimenov, Kh.G. Aidarova) had the academic degree of candidate of historical sciences, then by the end of 1946 there were already 37 scientific workers2. As the head of the Institute, S.V. Yushkov played a significant role in uniting the team of scientists, training scientific personnel, and determining priority areas of scientific research. His undoubted merits include the development of the concept of the development of historical science in Kazakhstan, which he presented at the first scientific session of the institute in May 1947. The successful development of historical science in Kazakhstan, he believed, requires, first of all, the development of historiography, the publication of the most important archival sources, the determination of the periodization of the history of Kazakhstan, the study of such methodological problems as the origin of the Kazakh nationality and the Kazakh state based on the clarification of the level of socio-economic and political development of state entities that preceded the formation of the Kazakh state; the formation and development of feudal relations; the reasons and significance of the adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kazakhs; the penetration of capitalist relations into Kazakhstan; the revolution of 1905-1907 and the uprising of 1916; the history of the Soviet period. The main directions put forward by him determined the development of historical science in Kazakhstan for decades. He took the most direct part in the development of problems, in particular the formation and development of Kazakh statehood, the study of the law of the Kazakhs, the formation of feudal relations.
By the end of the 1950s, the personnel problem had been largely resolved. The institute’s structure had been established: it had 7 departments and 75 scientific and scientific-technical workers3.
Historical science in Kazakhstan rose to a qualitatively new level during the Great Patriotic War. A major role in this was played by outstanding scientists B.D. Grekov, A.M. Pankratova, S.V. Bakhrushin, N.M. Druzhinin, M.P. Vyatkin, M.P. Kim, S.V. Yushkov, A.P. Kuchkin and others, who were in the republic during these years. A creative team took part in the preparation and creation of a general work on the history of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day (“History of the Kazakh SSR”, Alma-Ata, 1943): D.A. Baevsky, A.P. Kuchkin, A.M. Pankratova, B.D. Grekov, N.M. Druzhinin, A.N. Bershtam, A.F. Yakunin, S.M. Mukanov, G.M. Musrepov, M.O. Auezov, B. Kenzhebaev, Ya.Ya. Zutis, A.F. Miller, E.S. Ismailov, S.L. Fuchs, N.T. Timofeev, S.N.
Pokrovsky, M.P. Vyatkin, S.V. Yushkov, A.Ya. Lurye. Among them was Ermukhan Bekmakhanov. The publication of the “History of the Kazakh SSR” was a notable event in the historiography of Kazakhstan, in the scientific life of the country. This was the first experience in the USSR of creating a collective generalizing monograph on the history of a national republic. The book for the first time gave a systematic presentation of not only the pre-revolutionary, but also the post-October history of Kazakhstan up until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
The fact that the work was to form the basis of a school textbook, as well as contribute to the preparation of similar works on the history of other peoples of the USSR, determined the close attention of the party, scientific and general public to it. The significance and assessment of the work were given during its discussion in the editorial office of the “Historical Journal”, in reviews, the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Kazakhstan “On the preparation of the 2nd edition of the “History of the Kazakh SSR”, in historiographic studies.
In 1945, on the basis of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, an independent Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography was created. Its rapid development began with the formation of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. The Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography became the leading center of historical research in the republic, which made it possible to concentrate and direct significant scientific efforts to solve important key problems of history.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the Institute’s activities were focused on the study of such complex problems in the history of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Kazakhstan as the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people, the formation of Kazakh statehood, the history of social thought, the annexation of Kazakhstan to Russia, and the national liberation movement in the region. Significant contributions to the development of these problems were made by N.G. Appolova, E.B. Bekmakhanov, T.E. Eleuov, A.Kh. Margulan, S.N. Pokrovsky, B.S. Suleimenov, V.F. Shakhmatov, S.V. Yushkov, and others.
The development of historical science in the republic at its various stages was greatly facilitated by the articles of scientists, organizers of science, first in the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then in the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. These are the articles of Kh.G. Aidarova, E.B. Bekmakhanov, S.V. Yushkov, S.N. Pokrovsky, A.N. Nusupbekov, V.F. Shakhmatov, G.F. Dakhshleiger, B.A. Tulepbaev4. Already in the first decade after the formation of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, a significant number of monographic studies were written by the employees of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography. These include the works of V.F. Shakhmatov, M.P. Vyatkin, N.G. Appolova, B.S. Suleimenov, A.N. Nusupbekov, G.F. Dakhshleiger, E.D. Elagina, E. Bekmakhanova, S.N. Pokrovsky and others.
During the preparation of the second two-volume edition of the “History of the Kazakh SSR” it was necessary to solve a lot of complex problems, in the conditions of the continuing shortage of qualified specialists. The excessive expansion of the research problems had not only positive, but also negative consequences: the dispersion of scientific forces, the simultaneous study of completely different problems by one scientist, which often led to their superficial coverage. Despite the publication during this period of numerous articles devoted to the tasks of historical science in the republic, in the work of historians, archaeologists and ethnographers there was no general targeted guidance of their activities, there was no sense of the main core around which historical developments should be carried out, major problems were arbitrarily dismembered into separate, unrelated fragments. This led to a rupture general historical process, intuitive one-sided study of a number of problems. Thus, the extensive material revealed was broken down into separate links, not connected into a single chain, and required systematization and in-depth analysis.
This is also evidenced by the content of the reports at the first scientific sessions held at the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography in 1947 and 1949. Both sessions aroused great interest not only among the scientific community but also among the general public of Alma-Ata, and were a reflection of the work being carried out at the institute and the first interesting research results. The importance attached to the sessions can be judged by the numerous reports about them in the press, by the publication of their materials and reviews of these publications5. From a historiographical point of view, the value of the events is seen, first of all, in the fact that they marked the beginning of the organization of collective forms of work for scientists.
However, more effective work was hampered by the interference of administrative methods of management in solving organizational and scientific problems, a wide-ranging campaign to combat cosmopolitanism and nationalism in historical science. The most striking example in this regard is the twists and turns in the development of Kazakh folklore and the controversy surrounding the book by E. Bekmakhanov “Kazakhstan in the 20-40s of the 19th century” (Alma-Ata, 1947).
As noted, the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR had deposited numerous folklore materials (mainly of the Kazakh people). It needed not only systematization and literary classification, but also caused an urgent need for historical reading, understanding the conditions of its emergence, its social base and social carriers, subsequent transformation of the plot basis, and identification of various layers.
On January 21, 1947, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kazakhstan adopted a resolution “On gross political errors in the work of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR”, which had a great impact on the work of historians of the republic. The resolution indiscriminately denied everything achieved in this area, criticism turned into defamation of a number of scientists, pasting political labels, and caused purely administrative acts. This led to the fact that researchers were forced to remain silent about “complex” and “dangerous” issues in light of this resolution. Thus, the new leadership of the ILL, having revised the thematic plan, excluded from it “all unimportant and unrealistic topics, in particular, the second volume of the “History of Kazakh Literature”, covering the 18th-19th centuries, research into the language of the heroic epic, oratorical speeches of Kazakh biys, etc.”6
Gross incompetent interference can also be seen in the “discussion” of E. Bekmakhanov’s monograph “Kazakhstan in the 20-40s of the 19th century”. The discussion of the work lasted for a total of four years. The main issues around which the controversy took place were: the assessment of Kenesary Kasymov’s movement, the nature and consequences of Kazakhstan’s accession to Russia, and the source base of the work.
Discussions on the book by E.B. Bekmakhanov took place in two stages: before and after the release of the second edition of the History of the Kazakh SSR. The first discussions, which took place at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, were not sufficiently prepared, the arguments and counterarguments were often not supported by convincing facts, although all participants recognized the need for a more in-depth study of the issues under consideration. E. Bekmakhanov was accused of – “an extra-historical approach to the use of folklore sources, subjectivity in the selection of historical facts, the assessment of the movement of Kenesary Kasymov as a national liberation movement, the lack of study of class contradictions in the movement, the degree of participation of the masses in it, etc. After the publication of the second edition of the “History of the Kazakh SSR”, they again returned to the analysis of the views of E. Bekmakhanov, but the tone of criticism was already different. A wholesale denial of the scientific significance of his book began, accompanied by the hanging of political labels, the persecution of the scientist and the application of administrative measures to him. He was suspended from work at the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, from teaching at KazSU, expelled from the party, deprived of academic degrees and expelled from Alma-Ata. At the same time, threats began to be made against Professor M.P. Vyatkin, who was a reviewer and editor of the book by E.B. Bekmakhanov.7 In 1952 E. Bekmakhanov was arrested and sentenced to 25 years.
On April 10, 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kazakhstan in its resolution obliged the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR to revise the general publication on the history of Kazakhstan and pointed out the problems requiring priority study. In an atmosphere of nervousness, suspicion and fear, many provisions of the book were revised with feverish haste. Initially, the main efforts of scientists were focused on solving key problems in pre-revolutionary history: the periodization of the historical process, the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people, the time of the formation of the Kazakh nationality and statehood, the origin and development of patriarchal-feudal relations in Kazakh society, the nature of various movements of the 18th – early 20th centuries, the significance of Kazakhstan’s accession to Russia, the formation of the Kazakh nation, etc.
Historical science in the republic developed in a difficult situation associated with the implantation of dogmatism and quotationism in the social sciences. A number of Kazakhstani historians were unreasonably repressed for their scientific convictions. But the work on studying the past continued.
Since October 1947, the joint academic council of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography and the Institute of Linguistics of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences began to function with the right to accept for defense doctoral and candidate dissertations in the following specialties: “history of Kazakhstan”, “history and ethnography of the Kazakh and Uyghur peoples”, and candidate dissertations on the archeology of Kazakhstan, history and ethnography of the Dungan, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak peoples8.
Initially, candidate and doctoral dissertations were prepared in the course of implementing planned topics, and, as a rule, were published in the form of monographs. The defense of dissertations in the 1940s and 1950s was a rather rare phenomenon, perceived as a scientific event, about which opponents’ reviews or lengthy reports were published in “Problems of History” and “Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR”. Later, candidate dissertations were increasingly completed during postgraduate studies.
In 1951-1952, after the abolition of the sectors, the following departments were created: ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan; modern history of Kazakhstan; socialist construction in Kazakhstan; history of the October Revolution and civil war in Kazakhstan; archeology; ethnography.
A great deal of work was carried out by the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography on the problems of historiography and the introduction into scientific circulation of a series of eastern sources on the ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan; works on the history of the state of the Kimaks, tribes and peoples of South-Eastern Kazakhstan were published, in which, based on the generalization of materials from a wide range of Arabic, Persian and Turkic-language sources.
The literature covers the issues of ethnic and socio-economic life of the regions. For the first time, a review and identification of Arabic sources on Kazakhstan was carried out: copies of the works of Ibn al-Fakih (chapters on the Turks), Abu-Dulef (notes on the Turkic tribes), Al-Idrisi, Ibn Hawqal, etc. were ordered, valuable Persian and Old Turkic sources (works of Ruzbehani, Benai, etc.) were copied. A fund of chronicles, works, and an encyclopedia of 5 thousand volumes was created based on Chinese sources in exchange with the PRC.
The results of many years of targeted work by the republic’s historians were summarized in the publication of the two-volume “History of the Kazakh SSR” (vol. 1 – 1957; v. 2 – 1959). The book, which received high praise in the press and public recognition, began to be used as a textbook in the history departments of universities. On its basis, programs on the history of the Kazakh SSR for higher and secondary schools, anthologies and teaching aids were compiled.
But science was rapidly advancing, new documentary material was being accumulated and comprehended. In a short time, a team of scientists from the Institute prepared a reprint of the “History of the Kazakh SSR. The Era of Socialism” in Kazakh and Russian (1963).
The development of historical science in the 1950s is associated with the names of outstanding scientists and writers of Kazakhstan – Mukhtar Auezov, Smet Kenesbayev, Gabit Musrepov, Akhmet Zhubanov, Sabit Mukanov, Abde Tursunbayev. For more than a quarter of a century, prominent scientists and organizers of science – Nusupbekov Akai Nusupbekovich and Dakhshleyger Grigory Fedorovich successfully headed the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Many achievements of the team in the mid-1950s – early 1980s are directly related to their names and activities.
With the formation of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, a multifaceted study of the history of Kazakhstan began. In addition to the Institute of Historical and Ethnographic Studies, the following were involved in this work: the philosophy and law sector, which developed problems of the history of law and social thought of Kazakhs in the 19th-20th centuries; the economics sector, which studied issues of the economic history of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Kazakhstan. The history departments of the republic’s universities made an increasingly noticeable contribution to the historiography of Kazakhstan.
There have been significant advances in the study of the extremely complex problem of the origin of the Kazakh people. In the 1950s, V.F. Shakhmatov, H.M. Adilgireyev, and V.V. Ginzburg published works on this problem. The ethnic and linguistic affiliation of the tribal components that made up the Kazakh people was determined. The following point of view came into use: the process of ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs was basically autochthonous, it began in ancient times and continued until the mid-15th – early 16th centuries, and was associated with the formation and strengthening of feudal society in Kazakhstan. The commonality of the type of economy, material culture, and way of life, as well as linguistic affinity (the absolute predominance of Turkic-speaking tribal associations and tribes) were of great importance for the formation of the people.
Despite the contradictory nature of the process, when tribes and tribal associations united and disintegrated, entered into different state formations or were even absorbed by other ethnic groups, assimilated alien ethnic elements, the progressive, ascending trend towards rapprochement and the formation of one – Kazakh – nationality is undeniable. Scientists of the Institute have shown the connection between ethnogenetic phenomena on the territory of Kazakhstan in ancient times and the Middle Ages with similar phenomena in Central Asia and found out that many Turkic-speaking tribes and tribal groups became part of not only the Kazakhs, but also the Uzbeks and Turkmens.
The problem of the emergence and development of statehood in the territory of Kazakhstan was studied. The previously generally accepted view on the relatively late emergence of statehood in the territory of Kazakhstan was revised. New data from archaeologists and historians made it possible to raise the question of the nature of the political system and the emergence of elements of statehood among the ancient inhabitants of southern Kazakhstan – the Usuns and Kangly.
The reasons for the emergence of the Kazakh statehood of the Kazakh khanates in the 15th-16th centuries were reconsidered. The internal socio-economic and political factors that determined the formation of the Kazakh khanates were clarified.
Archaeological research was of great importance for solving a number of problems of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and the periodization of ancient history. As a result of archaeological discoveries, in particular the finds of Paleolithic monuments in Karatau (Kh.A. Alpysbayev), the boundaries of human history on the territory of Kazakhstan were significantly pushed back into the depths of millennia. Based on the many years of work of the Central Kazakhstan expedition (A.Kh. Margulan), it was concluded that Central Kazakhstan is the largest region of ancient copper mining and smelting, a highly developed culture of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
With the establishment of the Academy of Sciences in Kazakhstan in 1946, the majority of archaeological work in the republic was carried out by the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov. The center of gravity of archaeological research from that time was transferred to Alma-Ata, the Department of Archaeology was formed, the first head of which was A. Kh. Margulan. E. I. Ageeva, G. I. Patsevich, T. N. Senigova, A. G. Maksimova, and later K. A. Akishev, G. V. Kushayev, A. M. Orazbayev, M. K. Kadyrbayev were accepted to the Department of Archaeology and began to actively work. 1946 became the beginning of a qualitatively new stage in the development of archaeology in Kazakhstan.
The first archaeological expedition created by the department was the Central Kazakhstan Expedition (CKE), headed by A.Kh. Margulan. The expedition discovered, surveyed and excavated sites of the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras, settlements and burial grounds of the Andronovo and Dandybai-Begazin cultures, burial structures of the 7th-1st centuries BC, burial mounds of the Turkic period, medieval settlements and settlements. A.Kh. Margulan managed to prove that in the Middle Ages, Central Kazakhstan was not only a country of nomads, but also one of the centers of sedentary and urban culture. Here, in the valleys of Nura and Sarysu, in the foothills of Ulutau, the remains of medieval settlements and hillforts were discovered, which were centers of crafts, trade and agriculture. Many of the cities and villages were also centers of metal production – copper, tin, silver, bronze, gold.
The second major expedition of the post-war years was the South Kazakhstan expedition, headed by A. N. Bernshtam and E. I. Ageeva (UKAE). The result of its work was the survey, mapping and chronology of a large group of settlements and settlements in the Otrar oasis, on the northern slopes of Karatau, in the Syr Darya valley. The study of the topography of the settlements and the classification of ceramics made it possible to identify the key cultural and historical stages of urban culture, and to identify the direction of trade and ethnopolitical ties with Central Asia.
Among the significant works of the YUKAE carried out in the 50s, it is necessary to mention the comprehensive studies of the Juvantobe settlement and the Borizhar burial ground on Arys, excavations the Baba-Ata settlement, which was the first excavation of a medieval monument in Kazakhstan over a large area.
Since 1947, the East Kazakhstan Archaeological Expedition began working under the leadership of the Leningrad scientist S.S. Chernikov. The main objective of the expedition was to identify and study monuments located in the flood zone due to the construction of the Ust-Kamenogorsk and Bukhtarma hydroelectric power stations. Numerous monuments from the Neolithic era to the Middle Ages were recorded here, and material was obtained that characterizes the historical past of East Kazakhstan.
In 1948-1950, an archaeological expedition of the Saratov State University, headed by Professor I.V. Sinitsyn, worked in Western Kazakhstan. Research was conducted on the valleys of the Bolshoi and Maly Uzen rivers, the Kamysh-Samar floods and the Caspian sands in the Dungul region.
A large number of monuments from the Sarmatian and medieval periods were discovered and a wealth of material was accumulated.
In 1950, the West Kazakhstan Archaeological Expedition (WKAE) of A.Kh. Margulan worked at the Saraichik settlement in Western Kazakhstan. In 1953, the WKAE, led by T.N. Senigova, discovered sites from the Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Ages.
In 1954, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography organized the Ili Archaeological Expedition headed by K.A. Akishev with the purpose of surveying the area of the future flooding of the Kapchagai Hydroelectric Power Station. In the very first season, the expedition discovered a huge cluster of burial mounds from the Saka and Usun eras.
An expedition of the Zhambyl Regional History and Local History Museum operates on the territory of the republic. In the late 40s and 50s, a number of interesting random finds were made on the territory of Kazakhstan, information about which regularly appeared on the pages of the publication of the Institute of Historical and Ethnographic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.
In general, the end of the 40s and the 50s were marked by a wide scope of archaeological research. They covered almost all the main regions of Kazakhstan and included monuments of the most diverse chronological range in the scope of research. Among the important discoveries of these years were Paleolithic sites in the south of Kazakhstan, burial mounds of the Saks and Usuns in the Ili River valley, and rock paintings in the Tamgalytas tract. At this time, excavations began at the Besshatyr burial ground on the Ili River; catacomb burials on the Syr Darya, in the Chardara tract; excavations were completed at the Baba-Ata citadel.
The development of academic ethnography in Kazakhstan dates back to the second half of the 1940s – early 2000s. The ethnography department, which initially consisted of 4 researchers, was headed by orientalist Nigmet Sabitov. In the early 1950s, under the guidance of Moscow and Leningrad scientists, the first professional ethnographers in Kazakhstan defended their candidate dissertations: I.V. Zakharova, G. Valikhanov, V.V. Vostrov, R.D. Khodjaeva. It was during this period that a group of young, energetic, talented researchers came to Kazakh ethnography – Khalel Argynbayev, Yedige Masanov, Marat Mukanov, Orazak Ismagulov.
On August 5, 1947, prominent Moscow and Leningrad scientists arrived in Almaty to participate in the Complex Anthropological and Ethnographic Expedition of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Kazakh SSR. The head
The expedition was approved by anthropologist and ethnographer N.N. Cheboksarov. The expedition was divided into two divisions: anthropology, which included N.N. Cheboksarov, V.V. Ginzburg, A.V. Ginzburg, I.A. Minsky, K.D. Kaupush and ethnography, consisting of A.N. Nurkanova (deputy head of the expedition), G.G. Stratanovich (Leningrad ), E.I.Makhova (Moscow), N.V.Shlygina (Moscow), N.G.Borozna (Moscow), M.N.Kabirov, D.R.Rakhmetov, F.A. Aronov, I.V. Zakharova (Almaty).
The main group of anthropologists and ethnographers worked in the Chilik and Kegen districts of the Almaty region, M. Kabirov and I. V. Zakharova collected ethnographic material in the Panfilov district of the Taldykorgan region, and a group led by G. G. Stratanovich surveyed the Dungans of the village of Zhalpaktobe in the Zhambyl region. The Muscovite ethnographers studied mainly material culture, while the Kazakhs studied social and family life, clan relations, and folklore.
In May 1950, a plan for research work in the ethnography sector for 1951-1955 was developed, and the main problem was to study the topic of “Culture and Life of the Kazakh Kolkhoz Aul”. During this period, the USSR Institute of Ethnography began compiling the “Historical and Ethnographic Atlas of the Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan” and, as a coordinating center, involved the relevant Institutes of the Union Republics in this work. This topic determined the research paths of Kazakhstani ethnographers for many years. According to the program, the “Historical and Ethnographic Atlas” was to clearly, with the help of maps and tables, present the ethnic history, life and culture of each people in the region. The text of each section was to fully demonstrate the ethnic culture of a separate people, and the drawings (in addition to maps and tables) were to clearly present traditional crafts and trades, clothing, housing, utensils, etc. In the same year of 1955, an expedition was organized to survey the Ayaguz and Shubartau districts of the Semipalatinsk region, the Karkaralinsk and Shet districts of the Karaganda region. The expedition was led by V.V. Vostrov, and included graduate student H. Argynbaev,
In the 1940s, and especially in the early 1950s, the discussion that had begun in the 1930s about the nature and essence of social and class relations in the Kazakh aul was renewed. Soon this problem grew beyond the framework of Kazakhstani studies and turned into a discussion about the nature of production relations among nomads in general. Of the Kazakh scientists, the most active participants were Tolybekov S.E., S.Z. Zimanov, A.E. Erenov, V.F. Shakhmatov. The results of the discussion were summed up in 1954 at the Joint Scientific Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academies of the Union Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, held in Tashkent. In the main report of L.P. Potapov “On the Essence of Patriarchal-Feudal Relations Among the Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan” and a number of speeches, it was argued that the main means of production among nomads is land4. During the discussion of the report, two opposing points of view emerged. A number of speakers believed that the basis of production among nomads was cattle. Among Kazakhstani historians, this point of view was most actively defended by S.E. Tolybekov and V.F. Shakhmatov9. Most of the session participants shared the scientific position of the speaker.
At the session, G.F. Dakhshleiger presented a report on the periodization of pre-revolutionary history of Kazakhstan. He reported that in the process of working on the History of the Kazakh SSR, the compilers outlined five main stages of pre-revolutionary history of Kazakhstan:
1. Primitive communal system in the territory of Kazakhstan
2. Formation and development of the feudal system in the territory of Kazakhstan
3. Kazakhstan during the period of accession to Russia
4. Development of capitalist relations and decomposition of patriarchal-feudal relations in Kazakhstan
5. Kazakhstan during the period of imperialism in Russia.
The report thoroughly revealed the characteristic content and features of all periods of the pre-revolutionary history of Kazakhstan.
In the history of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan, the following issues were in the focus of researchers: revealing the essence of socio-economic development of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan, discussion of the role of land and livestock as the main means of production in a nomadic society, land policy of tsarism and the issue of resettlement. Agrarian relations, development of agriculture and resettlement became the subject of discussions. A. B. Tursunbaev, P. D. Vereshchagin, A. B. Geller were among the first to address these issues scientifically. The areas of origin of the settlers, their socio-economic type were determined, the mass seizure of land from the indigenous population and the consequences of resettlement were assessed. According to A. B. Tursunbaev’s calculations, in 1906-1917 alone, the size of the seized areas in all of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan reached 21,206,187 dessiatines. Legislation on resettlement and land relations among settlers, their relationships with the local population attracted attention to a wide range of issues, many of which became the subject of special study.
The process of decomposition of the Kazakh peasantry and socially dependent categories in its environment was studied by M.P. Vyalkin, E.B. Bekmakhanov, V.F. Shakhmatov10.
The scientific-theoretical and political assessment of the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s (the prerequisites for the preparation and implementation of the Provisional Regulations on the Administration of the Semirechye and Syr Darya Regions of 1867 and the Steppe Regions of 1868) were examined at different times in the works of P.G. Galuzo, S.D. Asfendiyarov, M.P. Vyatkin and others11. The first articles, as well as a dissertation specifically devoted to the reasons for implementing and identifying the features of the “Regulations”, were written by B.S. Suleimenov12. Based on significant archival material, he identified the factors that determined the desire of tsarism to create the appearance of providing “self-government” in order to maintain peace in Kazakh society. The division of Kazakhstan into six regions with different subordination was subordinated to these goals. B.S. Suleimenov continued to study the history of the first bourgeois-democratic revolution in Kazakhstan. The development of historical-revolutionary themes was carried out by E.B. Bekmakhanov, E.D. Dilmukhamedov, G.F. Dachschlager et al13.
As of July 1, 1964, 78 people worked at the Institute, including 55 research workers, of whom 5 were doctors of science, 33 were candidates of science, and 11 were scientific and technical workers.
The Institute’s scientific activities in the 1960s were carried out on the following issues:
History of the Great October Socialist Revolution in Kazakhstan; Patterns of development and history of socialist and communist construction in Kazakhstan; Patterns of development of human society and change of socio-economic formations on the territory of Kazakhstan; Ethnogenesis and history of formation of the Kazakh nation.
An important indicator of the growth of the scientific potential of historians-researchers and employees of the state archives of the Kazakh SSR was the publication of documentary materials and collections of memoirs on both the pre-revolutionary and Soviet history of Kazakhstan: The Uprising of 1916 in Kazakhstan: Documents and Materials (1947); The Revolutionary Movement in Kazakhstan 1905-1907 (1955); The Labor and Agrarian Movement in Kazakhstan 1907-1914 (1955); The Victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in Kazakhstan 1917-1918 (1957); In the Fire of Revolution (Memoirs of Participants in the Great October Socialist Revolution and Civil War in Kazakhstan) (1957).
From 1946 to 1949, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography had special departments for the study of history and ethnography, literature and language of the Uyghur people. In early 1949, these departments were transformed into the Uyghur-Dungan Culture Sector under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. In 1955, the Oriental Studies Sector was created on the basis of the Uyghur-Dungan Culture Sector under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. At the end of 1959, the sector was disbanded and its employees formed the core of the Department of History of Adjacent Countries of the Foreign East (1959-1963), created at the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. V.F. Shakhmatov played a major organizational role. The leading area of the department’s work was source studies. One of the first Kazakhstani orientalists who closely began to identify and translate eastern sources was S.K. Ibragimov. His translations and research are highly valued by historians. S.N. Ibragimov initiated the preparation of a collection of extracts from eastern sources “Materials on the history of the Kazakh khanates of the 15th-18th centuries.” This complex, enormous work was completed by V.P. Yudin. The compilers of this collection were N.N. Mingulov, K.A. The collection includes extracts from 16 Persian and Turkic-language works and 4 waqf documents containing valuable information both about the Kazakhs and about the peoples of Central and Middle Asia. V.P. Yudin’s articles on all the extracts included in the “Materials” have independent scientific significance, in which the author raises and resolves a number of issues of a historical and source study nature.
The 1960s were the most fruitful years for Kazakh orientalists. A large group of scientists: Baranova Yu.G., Bakhamov G.B., Zuyev Yu.A., Iskhakov G.M., Kabirov M.N., Mingulov N.N., Morzhanov V.M., Malyavkin A.G., Kuznetsov V.S., Pishchulina K.A., Sultanov T.I., Yudin V.P. and other researchers began translating a wide range of sources on the history of ancient and medieval Kazakhstan in Arabic, Persian, Chinese, and Turkic languages. Research was conducted on individual issues of Eastern Turkestan. Dozens of articles were written, several PhD dissertations were defended, and thematic collections were published. Already in these years, two main areas of research in Kazakh oriental studies were defined: source studies and the study of the history of neighboring peoples of Central Asia from ancient times to modern times. However, the Department of History of Neighboring Countries of the Foreign East of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography was abolished in 1963. Some of the staff moved to the Department of Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan. But work in the field of oriental studies continued.
The results achieved by historical science in the early 1960s determined the nature of further scientific publications – they became problematic.
Such issues as the pasture-nomadic community in Kazakhstan in the 19th century (V.F. Shakhmatov), agrarian relations in Kazakhstan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (B.S. Suleimenov, P.G. Galuzo), the history of the working class of the pre-revolutionary period received monographic treatment.
Kazakhstan (E. Dilmukhamedov, S. Malikov, M.Kh. Asylbekov). Ethnographic and anthropological research began to develop.
Among the most pressing and complex problems of the socio-economic plan was the agrarian history in Kazakhstan. It was studied by L.M. Auezova, S.A. Sundetov, V.S. Chernikov14. L.M. Auezova developed such issues as the place of the leading agricultural regions of the Semirechye and Syrdarya regions in the economy of the region, the position of peasant agriculture taking into account local soil and climatic conditions, the transition of reapers and horseless farms to agriculture. S.A. Sundetov studied the penetration of capitalist relations into the Kazakh aul using the example of the northern regions. The key issues of the agrarian history of Kazakhstan during the period of capitalism in Russia are studied in the works of B. Suleimenov (The Agrarian Question in Kazakhstan in the Last Third of the 19th – Early 20th Century. Alma-Ata, 1963) and P. Galuzo (Agrarian Relations in the South of Kazakhstan in 1867-1914. Alma-Ata, 1965)15.
Issues of industrial and transport development, trade and financial policy, as well as issues of the formation of the working class are analyzed in the works of E. Dilmukhamedov and F. Malikov, E. Dakhshleiger G.F., Bekmukhamedov, M.Kh. Asylbekov16.
Earlier than other industries, the subject of research was the mining industry of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan, in particular in the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, as well as in the Kazakh Altai. F. Malikov and F. Dilmukhamedov examined the features of the development of the mining industry in the post-reform period, the difficulties of its growth. But on the basis of archival materials, the authors managed to trace the penetration of monopolistic foreign capital into the mining and oil industry at the beginning of the 20th century, the history of the Spassky Copper Ores Joint-Stock Company, the Atbasar Copper Mines Joint-Stock Company, the Ridder and Kirghiz Mining and Industrial Society, etc. An important aspect of the economic development of Kazakhstan was the development of transport links, primarily the construction of railways. Until the 1950s, scientists were almost not specifically studying railway construction in Kazakhstan. In 1953, G. F. Dakhshleiger published a work in which he covered the history of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway. The influence of railways on the economy of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan and its transformation into a raw materials appendage of the Russian Empire is studied in the works of M.Kh. Asylbekov. The author cites facts testifying to the seizure of land from the Kazakhs during the construction of railways and, at the same time, to the increase in freight turnover on the roads, the development of agriculture along them, and the export of agricultural products outside the region. The development of trade became the subject of study of S.A. Sundetov. He noted the influence of trade on the decomposition of the subsistence economy of the Kazakhs, the role of the introduction of monetary taxes by tsarism. The author comes to the conclusion that capitalist trade was intertwined with usurious trade and served as a means of oppression and enslavement of the masses, was the cause of further impoverishment and proletarianization of the workers.
In 1966, a monograph by A. Nusupbekov on the history of the formation of national cadres of the working class in the period October 1917 – 1940 was published. The dynamics of the number of workers, the main sources of their replenishment, the main forms of involving Kazakh nomads and semi-nomads in industrial production were established, and it was shown how the structure of the working cadres changed by industry, qualifications, national composition, gender and age.
We rightly associate the formation of the historiographic direction of historical science in Kazakhstan with the name of G.F. Dakhshleiger. He made a significant contribution to the development of the history of historical science in Kazakhstan, devoting two monographs and dozens of articles to this problem. For the first time in Kazakhstani science, he published monographic studies of a general nature: “Historiography of Soviet Kazakhstan (Essay)” (1969), “V.I. Lenin and the Problems of Kazakhstani Historiography” (1973).
One of the important areas of research for Kazakh historians is source studies. A great deal of work has been done to study the archives of Moscow, Leningrad, Omsk, Orenburg, Alma-Ata and other cities, and a number of documentary collections have been prepared. In the second half of the 1950s, a group of scientists from the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, together with employees of the State Archives (A.K. Aleinikov, V. Ya. Basin, F.N. Kireyev, G.I. Semenyuk, T.Zh. Shoinbayev and others), as a result of many years of research work, identified, prepared and published two volumes of materials and documents on the history of Kazakh-Russian relations in the 16th-19th centuries, laying a solid foundation for an objective scientific study of not only the history of Kazakhstan’s accession to Russia, but also many important issues of international relations in the Central Asian regions: “Kazakh-Russian relations in the 16th-18th centuries”: a collection of documents and materials. (Alma-Ata, 1961); “Kazakh-Russian relations in the 18th-19th centuries: a collection of documents and materials.” (Alma-Ata, 1964.)
Scientific institutions of Moscow and Leningrad, prominent scientists A.N. Bernshtam, S.E. Malov, S.P. Tolstoy, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, A.I. Pankratova and others, who actively contributed to the training of orientalists in the republic, provided great assistance to the Soviet historiography of Kazakhstan. In the 1950s, the fruitful work of prominent orientalists of Kazakhstan, S.K. Kenesbayev and A.Kh. Margulan, who specialized in the field of Turkology, began.
The problem of the history of cultural heritage was acquiring increasing importance in historical science. A major contribution to the publication of sources constituting the legacy of educators was made by the staff of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov, headed by A. Kh. Margulan, who prepared a five-volume collected works of Ch. Ch. Valikhanov for publication, and a group headed by B. S. Suleimenov, who prepared a three-volume collected works of I. Altynsarin. A. Kh. Margulan and B. S. Suleimenov are the authors of biographical essays on the life and work of Ch. Ch. Valikhanov and I. Altynsarin, which begin these collections, which received high praise from the public of the country. The study of the life and work of Kazakh educators in Kazakhstani historiography has become a section of historical science.
Between 1966 and 1970 The following employees worked in the department of pre-revolutionary history of Kazakhstan: head of the department, doctor of historical sciences, prof. Suleimenov B.S., senior research scientist: doctor of historical sciences, prof. Galuzo P.G., Ph.D. Dilmukhamedov E.D., Ph.D. Basin V.Ya., Ph.D. Malikov F., Ph.D. Zuev Yu.A., Ph.D. Sabyrkhanov A., as well as junior researcher: Ph.D. Gerasimova E.I., Ph.D. Tursunova M:S., Ph.D. Badavamov L. (since 1968), Pishchulina K.A., Mingulov N.N., Yudin V.P., Kumekov B.E. (after postgraduate studies since 1969), Sultanov T.I. (after postgraduate studies since 1970), laboratory assistants Reznik R.Ya. and Akhinzhanov S.M. (both since 1968).
The main result of the department’s work in 1969 was the preparation and publication of a valuable scientific work, “Materials on the history of the Kazakh khanates of the 15th-18th centuries.” (Editor-in-chief – B.S. Suleimenov). The collection included extracts from 16 Persian and Turkic-language works and 4 waqf documents. To study the history of foreign policy
Of great importance for the Kazakh history of the period under review are the translations by V.P. Yudin of extracts from the “Tarikh” by Shah Mahmud ibn Mirza Fazil Choras, “Badai al-waqai” by Wasifi, “Tarikh-i Kashgar”, as well as from the works “Tarikh-i Rashidi” by Mirza Muhammad Haidar (translated by K.A. Pishchulina and N.N. Mingulov) and “Bahr al-asrar fi manakib al-akhyar” by Mahmud ibn Wali (translated by K.A. Pishchulina). Of particular value are the source study articles by V.P. Yudin on all sources included in the “Materials”, in which the author managed to resolve some issues of a historical and source study nature and raise a number of problems of the foreign policy relations of the Kazakhs.
A significant contribution was made to the study of the history of the national liberation movement in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 18th century, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A monograph by M.P. Vyatkin was published about the uprising of the workers of the Junior Zhuz in 1738-1797 led by Srym Datov; monographs by V.F. Shakhmatov and T.Zh. Shoinbaev about the uprising of the workers of the Bukeyev Horde in 1836-1838 led by Isatay Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov, about the uprising of the Syr Darya eginshi in 1856-1857. The depth of the analysis of historical material and the breadth of generalizations in these works vary; new material accumulated, and individual provisions and conclusions became outdated relatively quickly.
The study of the history of the annexation of the Kazakh lands to Russia has received wide coverage. First of all, the political situation in the Younger and Middle Zhuzes at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, as well as the economic and political reasons that prompted the Kazakhs to seek Russian citizenship, were investigated. In the literature of the late 1940s and early 1950s, mainly of a propaganda nature, the authors did not always approach these issues objectively. At the same time, tendencies were born to turn many other basically national liberation actions of Kazakh workers into “reactionary”. Thus, in a discussion on the issue of national movements in Kazakhstan in the past, which took place in Alma-Ata in 1952 (its materials have not been published), attempts were made to present the movement of the Kazakh sharuas of the Younger Zhuz in 1783-1797 as a “reactionary” movement based on random, uncharacteristic documents or even excerpts from them, which were also arbitrarily interpreted. under the leadership of Srym Datov, the second stage (1838) of the uprising of the Kazakhs of the Bukeyev Horde and even the largest national liberation movement of the Kazakh people, as well as the peoples of Central Asia – the uprising of 1916 – as movements in defense of the feudal past, as purely reactionary actions of the Kazakh feudal elite, etc. Kazakh historiography did not accept such views.
The history of culture is being studied more widely and deeply in comparison with the first post-war years. Researchers (R.B. Suleimenov, Bisenov Kh.I., F. Mikhailov and others) managed to show the objective difficulties of the formation of Kazakh socialist culture, the history of the elimination of illiteracy, the creation and development of the Kazakh Soviet school, the specifics of the work of mobile schools, the training of teaching staff, and to reveal many unique features of political and cultural-educational work in the 20-30s, associated with the nomadic way of life of a significant part of the Kazakh population.
The emergence of higher and secondary specialized schools in the republic, as well as the vocational education system, was considered in the literature. A documentary collection on the history of cultural construction in Kazakhstan was published.
Works on the history of the main directions of science in Kazakhstan during the Soviet era appeared: “Science in Kazakhstan during 40 years of Soviet power” (1957), “Science of Soviet Kazakhstan, 1920-1960” (1960), “October and Science in Kazakhstan” (1967), etc. More and more
The attention of scientists is drawn to the issues of the formation of the Kazakh Soviet intelligentsia, the development of the periodical press and book publishing.
One of the areas that the scientists of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography were constantly engaged in was the history of the Great Patriotic War. Scientists (A. Nusupbekov, G. Abishev, S. N. Pokrovsky and others) turned to the richest, previously inaccessible funds of the archives of the USSR Ministry of Defense. For the first time, information about the combat path of military units formed in Kazakhstan began to be introduced into circulation, for example, the 8th Guards Division named after I. V. Panfilov, the 30th, 73rd Guards Divisions, etc. New documentary material and memories of the military exploits of Kazakhstani citizens – Heroes of the Soviet Union, about the participation of Kazakhstani citizens in the partisan movement and the enemy rear (Ukraine, Belarus) and in the resistance movement abroad were intensively accumulated.
In 1964-1967, under the leadership of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR S.N. Pokrovsky, a two-volume collection of the most important documents, “Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union”, was published, which included more than 760 documents, many of which were published for the first time. The collection also included the memoirs of war veterans and home front workers. Provided with scientific commentary, this publication was highly praised by the scientific community and became an important source for studying the history of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Doctoral and candidate dissertations by Basin V.Ya., Kozybaev M.K., Yedygenov N. and others were devoted to various aspects of the war period (the national economy during the war, the history of industry and the working class, agriculture and the peasantry, the development of public education). A significant contribution to the historiography of the war was made by the books of V.Ya. Basina “Heavy Industry of Kazakhstan in the Great Patriotic War” (1965), N. Edygenova “Alma-Ata during the Great Patriotic War” (1970, in Kazakh).
In the late 60s and early 70s, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR published the book “Kazakhstan in the Great Patriotic War. Essays” (1968, 1974). Each of its two issues published research on the participation of Kazakhstanis in the most important battles of the war, on the work of various sectors of the national economy of the republic, on the development of science and culture during the war.
In Kazakhstani historiography, a large place was occupied by the study of the military deeds of Kazakhstani soldiers on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the partisan movement in the territory temporarily occupied by the enemy. The study of the exploits of Kazakhstani people was carried out by A.N. Nusupbekov, S.N. Pokrovsky, P.S. Belan, N.E. Yedygenov and others. N.E. Yedygenov conducted a large research work on covering the exploits of Kazakhstani people on the fronts of the war and in the partisan movement, and P.S. Belan continues to conduct it to this day.
Of particular interest are the publications of the documentary and reference type: the two-volume collection “Heroes of the Soviet Union – Kazakhstanis” (1968), letters from our fellow countrymen from the theater of military operations “Frontline greetings to you, Kazakhstan” (1975), a book about Kazakhstanis – holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees. A big step forward was the publication of two monographs by G.A. Abishev. The work “Kazakhstan in Defense of the Fatherland” examines the issues of participation of Kazakhs in the fight against internal counterrevolution and foreign interventionists in 1918-1920 and during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The history of the restructuring of industry, agriculture, and transport in Kazakhstan on a war footing has been largely reconstructed, the creative activity of workers, peasants, and the intelligentsia during the war has been characterized, and the significant contribution of the Kazakh SSR to the defeat of the Soviet Union has been shown.
German fascist invaders. (G. Abishev. Kazakhstan in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Alma-Ata, 1958; ditto. Under the Banner of the Motherland. Moscow, 1967; V. Ya. Basin. Heavy Industry of Kazakhstan in the Great Patriotic War. Alma-Ata, 1965; P.S. Belan. Heroic Labor of the Working Class of Northern Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Proceedings of the Institute of Historical and Ethnographic Studies of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 9, 1960; S.N. Pokrovsky, A. Baishin. Participation of Kazakhstanis in the Great Patriotic War. Bulletin of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, 1965, No. 5; T. Balakayev, N. Edygenov. Kazakhstani Partisans Alma-Ata, 1965; In the Battles for the Motherland. Alma-Ata, 1966, etc.)
The 60-70s are the next stage in the development of Kazakhstan archeology. There is a process of not only expanding research related to the identification of new monuments, their primary description, but also their in-depth study by organizing long-term stationary excavations, setting and solving major scientific problems. The Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition headed by A.Kh. Margulan, then M.K. Kadyrbayev, S.M. Akhinzhanov continued to define the main tasks in the study of monuments of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.
The burial grounds of the Tasmola culture were studied, and in the Tasmola and Nurmanbay tracts – Andronovo monuments. At the same time, 30 settlements of the Bronze Age were examined. Among them – Atasu, Ortau, Buguly, Aksu-Ayuly, Baibola, Zhamantas, Tagibay-Bulak.
In northern Betpak-Dala, the Aksai and Sartaban burial grounds were studied, in the Atasu Valley – the Karauzek burial ground, as well as ore mining. Numerous Andronovo monuments were discovered and examined in the area of the Karkaraly and Bayanaul mountains. In 1966, a fundamental study was published on the archeology of Central Kazakhstan, prepared by A.Kh. Margulan, K.A. Akishev, M.K. Kadyrbaev and A.M. Orazbaev. Later, in 1979, A.Kh. Margulan, using materials accumulated in the 50-60s, published a monograph dedicated to the Begazy-Dandybaev culture, a striking phenomenon of ancient Sary-Arka17.
Intensive study of Stone Age monuments was conducted by H.A. Alpysbaev in the south of Kazakhstan, in the Karatau gorges, in the Syr Darya valley. The result of this work was a monograph published in 1979, where materials from the Paleolithic sites of Borykazgan, Kemer, Kzylrysbek, Tokaly, Darbaza were published. Paleolithic sites in the central part of Northern Pribalkhashye were studied by a team led by A.G. Medoev.
Stone Age sites were discovered and surveyed in these years in Western Kazakhstan, in Mangyshlak. Systematic research and excavations of Neolithic sites began in the Irtysh region, in the Pavlodar region.
In the 1960s, work continued on the study of Saka and Usun monuments in Semirechye. In a monograph devoted to the culture of the Saka and Usun of the Ili Valley, K. A. Akishev examined the origins of the Saka and Saka culture and gave a chronological classification of arrowheads. G. A. Kushayev outlined the stages of the periodization of the Usun culture of Semirechye. A significant event in Kazakhstani archeology, of global significance, was the discovery of the Issyk burial site, the finds from which gave new impetus to the study of the Saka culture, their mythology, art, writing, and social system.
In 1969, the Otrar archaeological expedition was organized, renamed in 1971 into the South Kazakhstan complex archaeological expedition. The main objects of long-term stationary excavations were the settlements of Otrar, Kostobe,
Kok-Mardan, Mardan-Kuik, Kuiruktobe in the Otrar oasis; Turkestan, Ran and Kultobe on the northern slopes of Karatau.
On May 30, 1969, the Academic Council for Historical Sciences was created at the Institute, which considered issues of dissertation defense.
The most important result of scientific research by the staff of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography was the publication of the “History of Kazakhstan from Ancient Times to the Present Day” in five volumes. For this fundamental work, the staff of the Institute A.N. Nusupbekov, K.A. Akishev, B.N. Abisheva, G.F. Dakhshleiger, A.Kh. Margulan, K.N. Nurpeisov were awarded the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR in 1982.
A more in-depth study of current issues in the political, socio-economic and cultural history of the republic, the history of national and state building, the formation of the Kazakh SSR, peasant councils in the Kazakh village, the resolution of the agrarian question, the history of the working class and the industrial development of Kazakhstan continued.
A number of major studies by G.F. Dakhshleiger, A.Kh. Margulan, A.N. Nusupbekov, R.B. Suleimenov, T.B. Balakaev and others were awarded the Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Prize of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Among the largest discoveries of archaeologists of these years are the excavations of the Issyk burial mound in Semirechye (K.A. Akishev), which received worldwide fame.
Long-term work of the comprehensive South Kazakhstan archaeological expedition (1969-1984) revealed the leading role of cities in the development of feudal society in the territory of Kazakhstan, the formation of the Kazakh Khanate, and revealed the interrelations between nomadic and sedentary cultures.
Ethnographic research was developed. In 1968, the monograph by V.V. Vostrov and S.S. Mukanov “The Tribal Composition and Settlement of the Kazakhs (late 19th century)” was published.
– beginning of the 20th century), which gives the history of zhuzes, tribes, clans and their settlement. In 1969, the book by H. Argynbaev “Kazakhstan” mal sharuashylyєy zhayynda ethnographic essay was published. In 1972, the book by V. V. Vostrov and H. A. Kauanova “Material Culture of the Kazakh People at the Present Stage” was published, where, along with the rural population, the life and culture of workers in industrial enterprises were presented for the first time. The following year, H. Argynbaev’s monograph on the family and marriage of the Kazakhs was published, which was the result of many years of expeditionary research and archival and bibliographic research. In 1974, the book by M. S. Mukanov, dedicated to the ethnic history of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz, was published.
A significant place in the work of scientists of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography was occupied by the study of the scientific heritage of Kazakh educators: collected works were prepared and published, including a five-volume edition of the works of Ch. Ch. Valikhanov edited by Academician A. Kh. Margulan, a three-volume collection of works by I. Altynsarin edited by B. S. Suleimenov.
In 1977, some changes occurred in the structure of the Institute. Now it consisted of the following departments: ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan; history of pre-Soviet Kazakhstan; history of Kazakhstan during the October Revolution and socialist construction; communist construction; history of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War; history of culture of Soviet Kazakhstan; archeology; ethnography.
The Institute’s scientists continued to study the prerequisites and development of the national liberation movement in Kazakhstan on the eve of October. The source base for the history of the national liberation struggle of 1916 was expanding: the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Main Archival Administration, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences and the history institutes of the Central Asian academies published a general collection of documents on the 1916 uprising in the region. (The 1916 Uprising in Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Collection of Documents and Materials. Moscow, 1960). T.E. Eleuov, B.S. Suleimenov and others continued to work on this problem. B.S. Suleimenov and V.Ya. Basin prepared a special monograph on the 1916 uprising, “The 1916 Uprising in Kazakhstan” (1977), which covered three main issues: political and socio-economic prerequisites for the uprising; the First World War and its impact on Kazakhstan, the beginning of the uprising; the development of the rebel movement (by region). In general, the researchers raised significant layers of archival sources and were able to uncover the causes of the uprising.
The development of oriental studies issues was expanding. In the 1970s and early 1980s, oriental studies at the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR were conducted in the Department of Feudalism in Kazakhstan and the Sector of Oriental Studies, created in 1979. Thanks to the efforts of R.B. Suleimenov, the Department of Oriental Studies was formed at the Institute, which he successfully headed in 1979-1985. The employees of the Department of Feudalism B.E. Kumekov, K.A. Pishchulina, Yu.A. Zuev, N.M. Mingulov, V.N. Nastich, A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, V.K. Shukhovtsov, S. Uteniyazov concentrated their efforts on identifying and translating new or little-known sources in Arabic, Chinese, Persian and Turkic languages, and on their basis sought to solve problems of the ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan, the Turkic peoples living in Dasht-i Kipchak, Central Asia, China – Kimaks, Kipchaks, Karluks, Uyghurs, Usuns, Kangly and others, such as the level and specifics of their social system, ethnic problems, etc. Source studies on the history of Kazakhstan, Central and Central Asia occupied an important place in the research of scientists.
The monograph by B.E. Kumekov “The State of the Kimaks in the 9th-11th Centuries Based on Arabic Sources” (1972), dedicated to the history of the Kimak state, received a positive assessment from the scientific community both in our country and abroad. K.A. Pishulina in her work “Southeastern Kazakhstan in the Middle of the 15th-Beginning of the 16th Centuries” (1977) based on Persian-language sources of the Chagatayid and Timurid periods and archaeological data studied the issues of the socio-economic and political history of Moghulistan, analyzed the reasons for its decline and traced the initial stage of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. K.A. Pishulina also studied the issues of the relationship between the peoples of Kazakhstan and the state entities of Central Asia, in particular, the struggle between them for possession of the cities near the Syr Darya.
A.Sh. Kadyrbaev studied the history of the Turks – Kipchaks, Uyghurs in the Yuan era. Using materials from a large circle of Chinese sources “Yuan-Shi”, “Xin-yuan-shi”, “Menuer-shiji” and others, he traced the role and place of Turkic groups in the military, political and social life of China during the period of Mongol rule. In addition, an important place in his research is occupied by the analysis of information from Chinese sources about the life of the peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the pre-Mongol era.
Source studies of the history of Kazakhstan, Central and Middle Asia occupied an important place in the research of scientists of the oriental studies sector – Abusetova M.Kh., Khafizova K.Sh., Beisembiyev T.K., Zhapbasbayeva Zh. and others. They did a lot of work to identify and study documents and materials on the foreign policy of the Qing Empire and relations of the Kazakhs in the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries in Russian, Chinese and Turkic languages. Based on a wide range of new sources, the forms and methods of the Qing Dynasty’s policy in Kazakhstan, the reasons for the military invasions of Qing troops into the border regions of Kazakhstan are analyzed, and the real nature of Kazakh-Qing relations is revealed. The policy of the Qing Empire in the northwestern regions of Central Asia – Tuva and Altai, as well as the history of the Western Mongolian state – the Dzungar Khanate were the subject of the works of V.A. Moiseyev.
The sphere of scientific interests of the scientists of the oriental studies sector includes such issues as the evolution of statehood among the peoples of Asia (Yu. M. Butin), cultural contacts of the Turkic-Mongol peoples (E. D. Muchkinova), penetration and synthesis of nomadic and Arab-Muslim culture in Central Asia and Kazakhstan (R. M. Mustafina).
In 1980, the collective work of the ethnography department staff, “The Kazakh Economy at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries. Materials for the Historical and Ethnographic Atlas,” was published, which became a milestone in the history of domestic ethnology. The book covers many issues in the history of animal husbandry (cattle breeding) and agriculture in Kazakhstan, and provides an ethnographic description of these forms of management, beliefs, and rituals associated with them.
As of December 1, 1980, the Institute consisted of 10 departments:
Department of Archaeology – it includes: Sector of Medieval Archaeology (Archaeological Museum); Problem Laboratory of Archaeological Technology; Department of Ethnography, Department of Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan * Department of History of Pre-Soviet Kazakhstan * Department of History of the Great October Socialist Revolution and Socialist Construction * Department of History of the Great Patriotic War * Department of History of Communist Construction * Department of History of Culture of Soviet Kazakhstan * Department of Historiography of Kazakhstan * Department of Oriental Studies
The Institute also included the Commission on the History of Science and Technology of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, headed by Zh. Akhanov.
In 1989-1990, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR took part in the development of regional research projects on 5 topics:
1. Ethnocultural processes in the Kazakh SSR. (Regional program “Ethnic history and modern national processes”. Leaders: Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR R.B. Suleimenov, PhD in History Kauanova H.A.
2. Industrial progress and improvement of social relations of the working class of Kazakhstan (Regional program “Socio-economic and spiritual development of Soviet Kazakhstan”. Leaders: Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR Asylbekov M.Kh., Doctor of Historical Sciences Balakayev T.B.
3. Development of ethnic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan, completion of the formation of the Kazakh nationality and further development of ethnic processes at the present stage. (Regional program “Improvement of national relations and the effectiveness of international education”) Head: Doctor of Historical Sciences Ismagulov O.I.
4. Problems of the historiography of Soviet Kazakhstan (Regional program “Theoretical and methodological problems of historiographic research” Head: Academician M.K. Kozybaev.
5. Kazakhstan in the first period of the Great Patriotic War (Regional program “Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War”). Leader: Academician M.K. Kozybayev.
Since the 80s, a new stage has begun in the history of Kazakhstani archeology, which is characterized by organizational changes, the emergence of archeological centers in the regions, the expansion of archeological work, the publication of numerous articles, monographs devoted to current problems of archeology, the emergence of new directions in archeological science, the use of natural science methods in archeology.
One of the main tasks at this time is the preparation of a collection of historical and cultural monuments of Kazakhstan – a scientific register of all monuments on the territory of the republic. Such an encyclopedic publication should serve as a basis for the development of strategic research in the field of archeology, as well as improve the preservation of cultural heritage.
In Almaty, in 1987, an international symposium was held, dedicated to the interaction of nomadic and sedentary cultures. The need to consider and analyze accumulated knowledge, from the angle of interaction of nomads and sedentary population, was dictated by the course of development of science, decisively rejecting stereotypes in the interpretation of this problem. There was an acute need to identify the main patterns of intercultural interaction at various stages of history and to study the general and regional features of this process.
One of the most important scientific programs during this period was the international program “The Great Silk Road: Dialogue of Cultures”. It included issues traditionally developed in Kazakhstan related to the urbanization of ancient and medieval Kazakhstan, the interaction of the city and the steppe, in which certain successes were achieved and interesting developments were made.
Among the achievements of archaeology is the publication of an album of medieval artistic ceramics of medieval Otrar, where examples of works of artistic crafts and art were published.
One of the important, qualitatively new shifts in the historiography of Kazakhstani archeology became the generalizing works on ancient and medieval history and archeology.
In 1991, significant changes took place in the organization of academic archaeology.
By the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 496 dated August 28, 1991 and the Resolution of the Presidium of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 73 dated September 6, 1991, the Institute of Archaeology was established on the basis of the Archaeological Center of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, which was named after the outstanding scientist archaeologist, historian, ethnographer, orientalist, philologist, academician A. X. Margulan 26. The creation of the new institute was prepared by the entire course of development of historical science in Kazakhstan, which increasingly turns to the origins of the development of the people, its distant past, cultural heritage as part of world civilization.
One of the main directions of historical science in Kazakhstan remains the fundamental development of the problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Kazakh people. In recent years, on the basis of complex historical and ethnographic research, key problems of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and ethno-forming processes in the territory of Kazakhstan have been developed, both in terms of identifying general patterns of ethnic processes in the vast region of Eurasia and in the aspect of studying the problems of the theory of ethnos and ethnic community of the autochthonous population. A systemic analysis of this problem, combined with the achievements of archeology and anthropology, will provide an outlet for the development of such cardinal methodological problems as the interaction of the natural environment and society, productive forces and production relations, socio-economic formation and socio-cultural development, etc.
Since the second half of the 90s, for the first time in the ethnology of Kazakhstan, a comprehensive study of the problem of the genesis of the Kazakh people and shezhire – genealogical chronicles of the Kazakhs began. Its priority was due to the fact that shezhire play an important role in the historical consciousness of the Kazakhs, reflecting not only ethnic processes, but also socio-normative relations in society. In addition, they are unique sources on the history of the origin of the Kazakhs. Genealogical schemes allow us to reconstruct various historical events. Turkologists and historians from Hungary, Germany, England, Turkey, Mongolia, China and other countries are interested in the results of this study. Specialists from Mongolia and China took part in the development of the problem.
A comprehensive study of nomadic art as a multifaceted historical and cultural phenomenon is also one of the current issues in Kazakh ethnology and historical ethnography. The following issues are being newly developed: features of the genesis of nomadic art in the Oghuz-Kipchak, Golden Horde, and Kazakh-Nogai periods; typology of folk architecture monuments; stone-cutting art, wood carving; folk drawings. The problem of genesis and typology of Kazakh folk architecture structures is currently being developed. In particular, 7 local groups of monuments have been identified in the West Kazakhstan area: Mankystau, Ustyurt, North Ustyurt (Donyztau), Embo-Saghyz, North Caspian, Khobdin-Ilek, and North Aral. A detailed study of these monuments allows us to reasonably resolve complex issues of classifying memorial and religious buildings of nomads.
Anthropological research developed (O. Ismagulov). Anthropology in Kazakhstan, despite significant obstacles from the party and state bureaucracy, retained its theoretical and methodological positions and today has entered the world scientific arena. Based on interdisciplinary research, scientists widely use anthropological data from ancient and modern sources of information on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the peoples of Central Asia. In 1993-1994, within the framework of scientific cooperation between the Institute of Anthropology of the University of Bologna (Italy) and Kazakhstani anthropologists, an international research project was carried out on the problems of adaptation of highland populations of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, taking into account the ethnocultural processes of the region.
Indisputable priority in the second half of the 90s in the development of anthropology of the Republic of Kazakhstan was acquired by a comprehensive study of modern Kazakhs of Altai, settled in the territory of 4 states – Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, China. Based on a comprehensive study of literary sources on ancient and modern the population of Altai was revealed the connection of the Kazakh population with the Mongolian-Indo-European mixed type. The conducted systematic statistical analysis proved the homogeneity of the Kazakh population with the South Siberian (Turanian) race. As a result of multidimensional studies of extensive materials on somatology, isoserology and odontology on the basis of the first applied method of statistical integration the problem of anthropological and ethnogenetic composition of the Kazakhs of Altai was developed, their correlative connection with other Turkic peoples was determined.
Based on the results of the research in 1998-99, materials on subethnic and territorial groups of Kazakhs were developed; a review of dermatoglyphic data of the peoples of Central Asia was made for further comparative analysis with the data of Kazakhs. In the course of the research, a dermatoglyphic characteristic of the Kazakhs of Eastern Kazakhstan was given with the main parameters of the skin relief in tables and dendrograms. These characteristics made it possible to judge the scale of regional variability and the degree of local features of the Kazakhs in space and time. A comparative analysis of dermatoglyphic data of the Kazakhs of Northern and Southern Kazakhstan for individual groups of the male and female population revealed the general and specific features in the skin relief of representatives of the two regions.
Among the most significant are monographic works of anthropologists of the Republic of Kazakhstan on craniological series, genetic markers, odontological features related to the establishment of genetic continuity between the ancient and modern population of the region, the integrity of the historical process, the unity of the gene pool of the Kazakhs, as well as the sources of their formation and the most important ethnohistorical stages based on ancient local populations of Kazakhstan and alien migratory ethnic groups of Central Asia. Anthropologist O.I. Ismagulov was the leader and participant of anthropological expeditions: Kazakh-Mongolian (1991-1993) and Kazakh-Italian (1993-1994). He read several anthropological lectures at the Delhi, California and Bologna universities.
Historical demography is a relatively new direction in the historical science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which was formed in the late 80s – early 90s of the twentieth century. One of its founders is Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan Asylbekov M.Kh., under whose leadership the study of socio-demographic processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan is conducted at the present time. The range of demographic problems studied on the basis of statistical, archival materials includes the following blocks:
Main trends, features, causes, consequences of the socio-demographic development of the republic in the 90s., Changes in the size and composition of the population by gender, age, education, distribution by regions. National structure, social composition, changes in social stratification, etc. Unemployment dynamics. Health and environmental issues, their impact on the demographic situation. Internal and external migration, Kazakh diaspora and irredentists.
On the initiative of the Institute’s scientists, in 1988 a special commission was created under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan to study the socio-political processes of the 1920s-1950s in Kazakhstan, and the creative heritage of A. Baitursynov, M. Zhumabayev, Zh. Aimautov, and M. Dulatov.
In 1989, the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR held a regional scientific discussion entitled “Collectivization of Agriculture in the Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Experience and Problems”. The following took part in its work:
leading agricultural scientists from Moscow, Alma-Ata, Tashkent, Ashgabat, Frunze and other cities, as well as representatives of creative unions and the press, archivists, demographers, and university professors. The discussion was opened by the Director of the Institute, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR M.K. Kozybayev, who noted the need for a sober assessment of the history of the construction of socialism in our country. Reports were made by Doctor of Historical Sciences V.P. Danilov (Moscow), Doctor of Historical Sciences A.B. Tursynbayev (Alma-Ata), Doctor of Historical Sciences A.Yu. Ibragimov (Tashkent), Doctor of Historical Sciences K.N. Nurpeisov (Alma-Ata), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR M.Kh. Asylbekov, Candidate of Historical Sciences Zh.B. Abylkhozhin, Candidate of Historical Sciences M.M. Monshev (Turkmenistan), Doctor of Historical Sciences T.D. Duishemaliev (Frunze), Candidate of Historical Sciences M.M. Pulatova (Tashkent) and others. Based on the results of the discussion, recommendations were developed.
In June 1989, a meeting of the directors of the institutes of history, archaeology and ethnography of the Academies of Sciences of the republics of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Siberian and Ural branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences was held in Alma-Ata on issues of interregional coordination of historical research. The meeting was opened by R.B. Suleimenov, Academician-Secretary of the Department of Social Sciences of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences. The meeting was attended by A.P. Derevyanko, Director of the Institute of History, Philology, Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), A.A. Askarov, Academician-Secretary of the Department of History, Linguistics and Literary Studies of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences (Tashkent), V.V. Alekseev, Director of the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Sverdlovsk), V.M. Ploskikh – Deputy Director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR (Frunze), N.V. Atamazhidov – Director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR (Ashgabat), L.M. Tranis – Deputy Director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (Tashkent), heads of institutes of the Department of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, employees of universities, archival institutions of Alma-Ata. The report “Issues of interregional coordination of historical research in the context of perestroika” was presented by M.K. Kozybaev – Director of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch.Ch. Valikhanov of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.
With the acquisition of sovereignty by Kazakhstan, the implementation of the program for revealing “Blank Spots” took a priority place in the institute’s research. The efforts of historians were aimed at illuminating previously “closed zones” and rethinking the problems of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet history of the republic. In 1991-1995, the scientists of the institute published “History of Kazakhstan: “Blank Spots”, a one-volume “History of Kazakhstan from Ancient Times to the Present Day” in Kazakh and Russian. Monographs by Academician M.K. Kozybaeva “History and modernity”, “Aktandaktar akikaty” (“History of white spots”, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan K. Nurpeisov “Alash and Alash-Orda”, Zh.B. Abylkhozhin “Traditional structure of Kazakhstan”, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan M.H. Asylbekov and A.B. Galiev “Socio-demographic processes in Kazakhstan”, P.S. Belan “On all fronts” ”, group of authors “Kazakhs”, etc.
A series of works by the Institute’s scientists on the ethnic history of the Kazakhs (M.S. Mukanov, H. Argynbayev), the history of the Cossacks in Kazakhstan (A.S. Elagin), forced collectivization and the tragedy of famine in the early 1930s (M. Kozybayev, Zh. Abylkhozhin, K. Aldazhumanov, etc.) received a positive public assessment. New research, creative discussions, conferences, and round tables made it possible to begin preparing a new academic fundamental edition of the 5-volume “History of Kazakhstan”. The interest and need of society for objective historical knowledge, an attempt to reveal from new positions the continuity of the process of history of Kazakhstan, the continuity of history and culture of the Kazakh people from ancient times to the present day determined the need to prepare and publish a fundamental work. It summarizes the research of the history of Kazakhstan over the past decade, takes into account new works of Kazakhstan historiography, discoveries of archaeologists and anthropologists, developments of ethnographers, recommendations and conclusions of scientific and theoretical conferences, discussions on the problems of ethnic history, formation of ethnic territory and territorial integrity of Kazakhstan, unity of the Kazakh people, problems of national statehood, national liberation struggle of Kazakhs for their Fatherland with the Mongol conquerors, Dzungar invasion, tsarist autocracy, relationships with Turkic peoples, etc. New documents have been introduced into scientific circulation, including from narrative sources, from previously closed archives of the National Security Committee and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan and funds of government institutions of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, previously inaccessible works of foreign historiography have been used. This made it possible to understand the past more deeply, to return the historical memory not only of the heroic, but also dramatic pages of the history of the people.
The authors’ collective attempted to examine the history of Kazakhstan as a unique history and at the same time as an organic part of Eurasian history, the history of the peoples of the Turkic world, as part of the world history of mankind, to reveal the place and role of the Kazakh people in the world civilization process.
Three volumes of the publication have been published in Russian and Kazakh. The first volume (1996) is devoted to the problems of ancient, ancient and early medieval history. The editorial board of the volume: K. A. Akishev, K. M. Baipakov, O. I. Ismagulov, B. E. Kumekov. The second volume (1997) is devoted to the problems of late medieval history and covers the period from the middle of the 13th century to the beginning of the 18th century. The editorial board of the volume: K. M. Baipakov, M. K. Kozybaev, B. E. Kumekov, K. A. Pishchulina. The third volume (2000) is devoted to the national history of the 18th – early 20th centuries. The editorial board of the volume: K. S. Aldazhumanov, M. Kh. Asylbekov, Zh. K. Kasymbaev, M. K. Kozybaev.
The historical events of the 90s of the twentieth century – Kazakhstan’s entry into the period of post-totalitarian development, the acquisition of sovereignty and independence, the restoration of national statehood, the process of democratic and market reforms, the entry of the republic into the world community – have set before social scientists the task of developing new conceptual approaches to the study of past and present events. Thus, the new historical situation within the country, the global geopolitical environment, the socio-economic reforms being carried out, the dynamics of social processes, liberation from the dominance of imperial thinking and communist ideology in the past urgently required a conceptual revision of the history of the people, the country, the creation of a holistic scientific and objective history of the people, contributing to the education of a citizen-patriot of the Fatherland.
Domestic historical science has its own decades-old potential and significant authority among the world’s leading historiographic schools. This was facilitated by the achievements of the Institute, and historical science as a whole in the field national history, archeology, ethnology and anthropology. The chronological framework of the research is measured by a period of more than three thousand years and covers the territory and population of the entire Eurasian subcontinent. In this context, the Institute’s developments and their competitiveness are determined by their leading positions in such areas as archeology, anthropology, nomadic studies, and modern and contemporary history of Kazakhstan. Thus, the process of de-ideologization of social science allowed the Institute to develop a conceptual structure of the history of Kazakhstan in the shortest possible time that is adequate to reality and to overcome the barrier of isolation from the outside world.
The basis of the new priorities of fundamental research at the Institute was the objectivity of research into historical processes, methodological and theoretical-conceptual pluralism, and the humanization of historical knowledge.
As a result of the conducted research, many provisions of the historical process have been conceptually revised, including: 1. Fundamental development of the problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Kazakh people has made it possible to identify general patterns of ethnic processes in the territory of Kazakhstan and adjacent regions – Russia, Mongolia, China. A systemic analysis of the problem under consideration has identified a number of methodological problems: interactions between the natural environment and society, socio-economic formation and socio-cultural development, ethnopolitical and ethnohistorical processes. Development of issues of culture and life support in traditional Kazakh society and the community as a way of life support for nomads has defined the community as the main social organization capable of self-reproduction and self-regulation. The study of the mechanism for implementing social relations in the nomadic environment has revealed the organic unity of various types and levels of social relations and has made it possible to identify the nomadic community as a society.
The comprehensive development of the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and shezhire has determined the role of genealogical chronicles as sources reflecting not only ethnic processes, but also socio-normative relations. At the same time, the confirmation of the theoretical-methodological and political aspects was decisive succession and patterns of settlement of Kazakh tribes in their original territories, since this process was conditioned by the entire course of historical development of nomadic society. Thus, the position on the territorial integrity and indivisibility of Kazakhstan was proven. The results of the obtained research are reflected in the following works: Argynbayev H. Kazakh heritage (A., 1996); Mukanov M., Argynbayev H., Vostrov V. Kazakh heritage (A., 1998); Mukanov M. From the history of the past (genealogy of the Kerey and Uak tribes) (A., 1998); Alimbay N., Mukanov M., Argynbayev H. Traditional culture of life support of the Kazakhs. Essays on theory and history (A., 1998); History of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day. Vol. 2,3 (A., 1998, 2001); Customs and rites of the Kazakhs in the past and present (A., 2001); Azhigali S. Architecture of nomads – phenomenon of history and culture of Eurasia (A., 2001); Mukanov M. Formation of the ethnic territory of the Kazakhs in the 18th – early 20th centuries. A., 1991) and others.
The first comprehensive historical-ethnographic, ethnological study of the Kazakhs of Mongolia (2003-2005) testifies to the preservation to a significant degree of many features of the traditional everyday culture: a semi-nomadic type of cattle breeding and the associated complex existence of many components of the ethnographic culture. A comprehensive ethnographic-ethnoarchaeological expedition to Mongolia (2003-2004) made it possible to obtain significant results in the economy, material and spiritual culture, decorative and applied arts of the Kazakh people. The material collected in the territories of the Bayan-Olgii and Kobdo aimags of Mongolia made it possible to identify the persistence of a number of phenomena of material and spiritual culture, objects of applied art in the everyday life of the Kazakhs of Altai. Despite the rather long isolation from the main ethnic group, this rather large ethnic group of Kazakhs (more than 100 thousand people) has almost completely preserved their original traditional culture; this fact is due to the general preservation of archaic foundations of economic activity, primarily semi-nomadic cattle breeding.
2. Comprehensive ethnoanthropological studies of the Kazakh people have revealed their genetic affinity and the dynamics of historical ties with the ethnic groups of the peoples of Central Asia. The use of comparative data from different systems of racial characteristics – somatology, odontology, dermatoglyphics, etc., has made it possible to identify the Kazakh race-forming center as an integral part of the mixed Turanoid (South Siberian) race. Genetic continuity between the ancient and modern population of the region, the integrity of the historical process, and the unity of the gene pool of the Kazakh people have been established. The results of the studies are reflected in the works: Ismagulov O., Sikhimbayeva K. Anthropological aspects of the origin of the Kazakh people // Bulletin of the NAS RK, 1993, No. 1; Ablai Khan (Tarihi anthropologiyalyk zertteu) (A., 1999); Kazakhs of Altai (Astana, 2002).
Ethnographic and anthropological research was reflected in the work of international and republican scientific expeditions: Kazakh-Italian (1993-1994), Kazakh-Mongolian (1991-1993), Kazakh-American (1991-1992), Frontal Ethnocultural Survey in all 14 regions of Kazakhstan (1998, under the leadership of the Ethnology Department of the Institute of Historical and Cultural Studies, on the study of ancient Turkic monuments of writing and culture in Mongolia (2001-2003).
The first systematic and comprehensive study of historical, anthropological, ethnopsychological and other parameters of the process of adaptation of Kazakh repatriates from distant foreign countries to the Republic of Kazakhstan (2003-2005) allowed to develop a number of theoretical issues related to the definition and characteristics of the concepts of “repatriation” and “adaptation”, to determine the area of placement of repatriates by regions of Kazakhstan; to obtain reliable anthropological-morphophysiological adaptation indicators based on the results of complex expeditions to the Almaty and Karaganda regions.
3. The problem of national statehood is one of the important priority areas. Taking into account the dynamics of the ethnogenesis of the people, the history of the Turgesh, Karluk, Kimak, i.e. Kipchak branches of state formations on the territory of Kazakhstan was studied as stages in the evolutionary development of the Kazakh national statehood. The history of Ak Orda, as the first state created on the ethnic territory of Kazakhstan, was subjected to conceptual revision. Based on a wide range of eastern and western sources, it was proven that the political and state association – the Kazakh Khanate – formalized and consolidated the Kazakh people into a large nation. The main tribes and tribal associations that formed the basis of the modern Kazakh people were united around Ak Orda. A comprehensive analysis of the ethnochronological table of the Mongols and other eastern authors testifies to the dynastic continuity of the power structure of the Kazakh Khanate. The results are reflected: History of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day. T.2 (A., 1997); Muhammad Haydar Dulati “Tarikh-i Rashidi” (A., 1999); Kumekov B.E., Pishchulina K.A. History of Kazakhstan. Textbook for grades 7-8 (Astana, 1999); Kinayatuly 3. The last Turkic tribes on the Mongolian ridge (Astana, 2001); Kadyrbayev A.Sh. History of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the 17th century. In English (Astana, 1997); Kumekov B.E., Uteniyazov S. Kadyrgali zhalairy and others.
Ethnopolitical study of the history of Kazakh statehood in the 13th-17th centuries based on a wide range of sources (Persian, Arabic Chagatai, Crimean Tatar, Mongolian, Kipchak, etc.) (2003-2005) indicates a gradual process of completion of the formation of the Kazakh people and the creation of a single state. A comprehensive analysis of the ethnopolitical and socio-cultural aspects of Kazakh statehood and its historical predecessors made it possible to determine the role and significance of the Mongol invasion on the traditions of the socio-political organization of the peoples of Eurasia. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the historical prerequisites for the emergence of the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan and its continuity in the legal tradition of the late peoples of Central Asia, including the Kazakhs, is given. The influence of the Mongolian statehood on the traditions of local socio-political organization was reflected primarily in the formation of the new state of Ak Orda.
4. Among the actively developed problems of domestic historiography are the problems of the colonization of Kazakhstan by the Russian Empire, the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people in the 17th – early 20th centuries. The provision on the entry of Kazakhstan into the Russian Empire has been conceptually revised. An analysis of a wide range of sources testifies to the colonial nature of the empire’s policy.
The main stages and forms of colonization that determined the process of transformation of the formal-legal sovereignty of the Russian Empire over the Kazakh lands into a system of direct domination are identified. The directions, methods and mechanisms of introduction of the typical colonial structure of the metropolis into the traditional structure of the nomadic society that contributed to the expansion and deepening of Russian colonial policy are defined. An integral part of this direction is an in-depth study of national liberation movements and political life of the Kazakh society of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century. A comprehensive study of the political prerequisites, ideological sources and formation of the ideology of anti-colonial nationalism testifies to the continuous nature of the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people since the time of their forced entry into the Russian Empire. In this context, the first steps were taken towards a scientific understanding of the activities of the national political elite in the 18th-20th centuries.
The national liberation struggle took shape most clearly in political and ideological terms in the movement of the liberal democratic intelligentsia of the early 20th century. Research conducted at the Institute since the early 1990s to implement the program to uncover “blank spots” has proven that the Alash movement was one of the most progressive trends in the content of the anti-colonial struggle. Indisputable evidence of this is the study of their doctrinal innovations based on the concepts of ethnic, socio-cultural, and religious identity with options for both federal and unitary structures of society. In the late 1980s, the role and place of the Alash and Alash-Orda movements in the national liberation movement at the beginning of the 20th century was discussed for the first time. Soon, under public pressure, Sh. Kudayberdiev, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, M. Zhumabayev, Zh. Aimautov and many other outstanding representatives of national culture, leaders and participants of the Alash movement were rehabilitated. Their creative and scientific heritage, returned after many years, became a spiritual asset.
The results of the conducted research are reflected in: History of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day. T.Z (A., 2001); Erofeeva I.V. Khan Abulkhair: commander, ruler and politician (A., 1999); Historical experience of defending the Fatherland (Military history of Kazakhstan) (A., 1999); Erofeeva I.V. Symbols of Kazakh statehood (late middle ages and modern times) (A., 2001); Galiev V.Z. Khan Zhangir and the Battle of Orbulak (A., 1998); Kozybaev M.K. Tarikh zerdesi T.1 (A., 1998); Nurpeis K. Alash ћјm Alashorda (A., 1995); Koigeldiev M.K. Alash kozgalysy; (1995), The People’s Republic of Kazakhstan (2004), The Republic of Kazakhstan’s Heritage (2004); H.Dosmukhamedov. Life and Work (A., 1998); Grozny in 1916. Collection of documents in 2 volumes (A., 1997); National Liberation Movement in Kazakhstan and Central Asia in 1916. Proceedings of the International Conference (A., 1997); Valikhanov E.Zh., Mazhitov S.F. The Phenomenon of the Cossacks: Regional Aspects. Analytical Report for the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (A., 1995), etc.
For the first time, the analysis of the role and place of the movement of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Russia in the national liberation struggle of the 19th – first quarter of the 20th centuries is presented. Based on a wide range of sources, the main aspects of the Turkic-Muslim consolidation during the period of growth of the national liberation movement of the peoples of Russia and Central Asia are revealed: the connection of the political elite, the influence of the Russian democratic movement. The features of the relationship between the leaders of the national liberation movement of Kazakhstan, Central Asia are determined; the main aspect of the socio-political, cultural and educational activities of the Russian democratic intelligentsia, the role of political parties and movements in the formation of the political views of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early 20th century.
5. Deideologization of historical knowledge allowed to start intensive research in the field of studying the history of Kazakhstan in the Soviet period. Here a number of fairly objective theoretical and conceptual versions have already been developed, the latest scientific and cognitive and methodological apparatus has been mastered.
For the first time in Kazakhstani historiography, the Institute conducted a comprehensive study of the tragic events associated with forced collectivization, dispossession, political repression, mass famine of 1932-1933, the destruction of the pasture-nomadic economic complex and the entire traditional structure. For the first time in 1988, the Institute, on the initiative of Academician M.K. Kozybayev, convened the All-Union Scientific Conference “Collectivization of Agriculture in Kazakhstan and the Republics of Central Asia: Experience and Problems”, where the problems of the tragedy of the 20s – early 30s were discussed.
As a result of the work of the special commission of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) headed by academician M.K.Kozybaev and scientists K.Nurpeis, G.S.Sapargaliev, Zh.B.Abylkhozhin, M.K.Koygeldiev, K.S.Aldazhumanov, Yu.I.Romanov, M.Zh.Khasanaev, documents were identified and a tragic picture of the famine and political repressions of the 1930s was recreated. In parallel, since the early 1990s, the history of the peoples deported to Kazakhstan began to be developed. For the first time in the early 1990s, the problems of research and restoration of justice in relation to the repressed and those who suffered during the period of collectivization and mass terror were raised at the state level. On April 14, 1993, the current Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the rehabilitation of victims of mass political repressions” was adopted.
The study of the history of political repression revealed the following important aspect: the resistance of the people, primarily the national intelligentsia, to illegal acts and the policies of the authorities.
For the first time, the scale of peasant uprisings and movements against forced collectivization in the 1920s and 1930s is presented. For the first time, the Institute conducted work on creating a database of repressed people in all regions of Kazakhstan. Research associate PhD Zhakisheva S.A., a member of the International Association “History and Computer”, entered this data into the unified electronic database “Returned Names” of the CIS countries (Moscow).
The results of the conducted research are reflected: Kozybaev M.K. History and Modernity (A., 1991); Abylkhozhin Zh.B. Traditional Structure of Kazakhstan: Socio-Economic Aspects of Functioning and Transformation (1920-1930) (A., 1991); Kozybaev M.K., Abylkhozhin Zh.B., Aldazhumanov K.S. Collectivization in Kazakhstan: Tragedy of the Peasantry (A., 1992); Kozybaev M.K. Tarikh zerdesi T.1 (A., 1998); Aldazhumanov K.S. et al. Forced Collectivization and Famine in Kazakhstan 1931-1933 (A., 1998); Book of Sorrow – Azaly kitap. Issue. 1-2 (A., 1997-1998) for 8 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Aldazhumanov K.S. and others. Peoples deported to Kazakhstan: time and fates (A., 1998); Persecuted by hunger. Collection of documents on the fate of Kazakhs who fled to Siberia in the early 1930s (Omsk, 1998), etc.
For the first time, the problems of restoration of Kazakh statehood in the 20th century are being developed. Based on the analysis of a wide range of documentary and other sources, the main stages and features of restoration of Kazakh statehood in new historical conditions are determined. The main aspects of territorial and nominal demarcation of Kazakhstan with neighboring regions: Siberia, the Urals, Central Asia are revealed; an analysis of the problem of defining and clarifying the state borders of new states is presented; difficulties in the practical implementation of these tasks.
6. An important new programmatic direction was the modern history of Kazakhstan in the context of the problem of national security.
For the first time, based on a comprehensive study, an analysis is given of the problems of marginalization, pauperization and lumpenization of the population that are relevant for the modern development of the state, trends and possible scales of the processes of agrarian overpopulation and their specific mechanisms are determined. For the first time in scientific practice, the processes of intersystemic marginalization are studied, i.e. a complex of complex phenomena that develop during the transition of society from one social quality to another. Significant space is given to a specific historical analysis of the internal aspects of national security with a consistent development of forecasts for the development of a crisis society. The results are reflected in: Analytical report for the Presidential Council; Abylkhozhin Zh.B. Essays on the socio-economic history of Kazakhstan in the 20th century (A., 1997), etc.
7. The problem of demographic development of Kazakhstan occupies a significant place in the research. In this vein, fundamental principles and methods have been developed in the study of issues of the republic’s population in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods.
The main trends and features of the current demographic state of the republic are identified.
For the first time at the Institute, comprehensive research has begun in a new direction in social sciences – diaspora studies. Theoretical and practical developments in the new direction are carried out in the following aspects: study of historical and modern issues of formation and development of the Kazakh diaspora and irredenta, ethnic history, demography, repatriation, etc. The results of the research are reflected in: Asylbekov M.Kh. Population of Kazakhstan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (A., 2001); Asylbekov M.Kh., Kozina V.V. Demographic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan under sovereignty (A., 2001); Mendikulova G.M. Historical destinies of the Kazakh diaspora: origin and development (A., 1997), etc.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of documentary and statistical materials, the general and specific features of the migration process in Kazakhstan in the 20th century were identified, the causes and directions of external migration were determined, and the main trends and impact of migration on the national structure of the population were revealed. Theoretical and practical development of the problem of adaptation of repatriates in the territory of Kazakhstan made it possible to identify the main classification indicators of adaptation: economic, cultural, legal, social; extensive historical and demographic, ethnopsychological, ethnosociological data on oralmans.
8. Source studies and historiographic studies have been developed on new methodological principles. Sources on the medieval history of Kazakhstan have been prepared and published (Muhammad Haidar Dulati “Tarikh-i Rashidi. A., 1999); a collection of documents and materials on the history of the national liberation movement of 1916 in Kazakhstan “The Terrible Year of 1916” in 2 volumes (A., 1998), etc. A significant place is occupied by studies of foreign historiography. A number of materials on English-language literature on the history of Kazakhstan have been prepared and published: Suzhikov B.M. National identification and dynamics of ethnic processes in foreign Central Asian studies (A., 1997); Suzhikov B.M. Kazakh diaspora: problems of ethnic survival (A., 1997); Galperin C. Rus and the Golden Horde (A., 2001) and others. Based on the synthesis of related disciplines of information historiography and historical informatics, methodological and methodological aspects of the application of new information technologies in the historical science of Kazakhstan have been developed.
9. Connection with the education system. The Institute actively introduces the achievements of historical science into the education system. A team of scientists has prepared textbooks and teaching aids that are used in the educational process in higher education institutions (History of Kazakhstan. Essays. A., 1995; History of Kazakhstan. Lecture Course. A., 2003; History of Kazakhstan. Vol. 1-3. A. 1996-2002; M. Kozybayev, M. Koigeldiev, K. Nurpeis published textbooks and teaching aids for grades 9-11 of secondary school. K. Pishchulina and others published a textbook for grade 7. In addition, the Institute’s staff has published methodological manuals on the history of Kazakhstan for schools and universities). Multimedia anthologies and electronic textbooks on national history have been prepared.
1. In collaboration with Professor M.K. Koigeldiev, Associate Professor Zh.A. Absemetova, the first electronic textbook in the history of Kazakhstan, “History of Kazakhstan. Generalizing Course” (Almaty, 2000), was created, which took 1st place in the Republican competition of electronic educational publications, held within the framework of the Republican exhibition “Information Technologies in Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan” under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (Astana, November 13-15, 2003).
2. The creators of the electronic textbook “History of Kazakhstan. General Course” were invited to the First International Forum of Electronic Educational Publications, which took place in December 2004 in Geneva (Switzerland).
3. This textbook has received numerous positive reviews and comments from educational institutions in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and other countries.
4. By order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 2002-2004 an electronic textbook “History of Kazakhstan. 11th grade” was created in Russian and Kazakh languages, which is being actively introduced into the educational process.
5. At present, the electronic textbook “History of Kazakhstan. 11th grade” in Russian and Kazakh languages is recommended and will be exhibited on the International Portal of Electronic Educational Publications of the CIS Countries during the teachers’ congress in October 2004.
6. A series of educational and educational-methodical films was created in the system of the Satellite Channel of Distance Learning for rural schools in Kazakhstan. A total of 12 films.
7. In 2004, as part of the implementation of the 25th program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, scenarios were created for the first time and computer educational animations were developed in the form of maps, graphic diagrams and tables for grades 5-11 of schools in Kazakhstan, with a total of 280 educational animations in Russian and Kazakh languages.
8. A methodological manual for teachers “Technology of teaching history using an electronic textbook” was published. – Almaty, AOIPRK, 2004.
10. International relations The Institute maintains and develops international relations with foreign scientific centers and individual scientists, and participates in the development of joint international programs.
1. Russian Federation In 2001-2003, the research was aimed at implementing the joint scientific project “Siberia and Kazakhstan: History of Russian-Kazakh Relations in the 18th-20th Centuries” with the Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Center for the Study of the History of Russian-Kazakh Relations (SemGPI). In the course of implementing this program, studies were conducted on such issues as “National-territorial delimitation of Siberian Revolutionary Committee Siberia and the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR”, “Economic, scientific and cultural ties between Siberia and Kazakhstan”. The scientific results are reflected in the monograph by Malysheva M.P., Poznansky V.S. “National-territorial delimitation of Siberia and Kazakhstan”, doctoral dissertation by Malysheva M.P. “Kazakhs of Siberia during the period of demographic crises, 1919-1934”. and others. Joint scientific developments in the field of historical informatics are carried out with scientists from Moscow (Lomonosov Moscow State University), Nizhny Tagil (State Pedagogical Institute): creation of a single electronic database of CIS countries on victims of political repressions of 1937-1938, development of teaching aids, educational standards, creation of electronic resources. Together with Omsk ethnographers, work is carried out in the field of ethnography, anthropology, ethnology, in 2004 a joint XII International Seminar “Integration of Ethnoarchaeological Research” was held in Almaty.
In 2003-2004 Scientific monographs of the Institute’s employees have been published in the Russian Federation: Valikhanova E.Zh. “Kenesary Kasymov” M.: “ZhZL”, Young Guard; Valikhanova E.Zh., Krivkova A.L., Khabizhanova G. “Russian democratic intelligentsia in Kazakhstan” (II half of the 19th – early 20th centuries). M.: Russian book.
2. Italy. Joint scientific research is being conducted by the Institute’s anthropologists (Academician O. Ismagulov, PhD in History Sikhimbaeva K., Ismagulova A.) with their Italian colleagues (Institute of Anthropology of the University of Bologna, Professor F. Facchini). The joint research is aimed at a comprehensive medical and ethnoanthropological study of the population of Kazakhstan.
3. Mongolia. The Institute conducts research with Mongolian Scientific Centers. According to the signed scientific agreement between the Institute and the Scientific Center for Social and Economic Research of the Bayan-Ulgiysky aimag under the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, complex scientific expeditions continue to study the traditional everyday culture of the Kazakhs of Mongolia and monuments of ancient Turkic culture.
4. PRC. Research and development work is being carried out with the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China on the translation and preparation of a 3-volume edition of “Chinese written sources on the history of the Kazakhs”.
The Institute maintains scientific ties with Turkish and Japanese researchers. Thus, Professor T.Khojauglu of the Koch University (Ankara) is participating in the preparation of a 4-volume collection of works by M.Shokai; Japanese researcher Tomahiko Uyama is participating in the compilation of a 3-volume edition of the Alash Movement. Scientific ties are developing with German research centers, in particular, with the Göttingen Research Center, the Association of Public Associations of Germans in Kazakhstan “Renaissance”; international scientific conferences were held on the problems of deportation of Germans to Kazakhstan, etc.
Scientists of the Institute, Doctor of Historical Sciences Mendikulova G.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences Abylkhozhin Zh.B., Doctor of Historical Sciences Ismagulov O.I., Candidate of Historical Sciences Zhakisheva S.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences Suzhikov B.M. participated in international scientific competitions, won grants from Fulbright, Soros, INTAS and others to conduct research on current issues of historical science. Employees of the Institute annually participate in international scientific conferences in the near and far abroad, thus popularizing the achievements of Kazakhstani historical science, participating in the establishment of scientific ties and contacts.
11. Within the framework of the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the State Program “Cultural Heritage” for 2004-2006” and the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the action plan for the implementation of the State Program “Cultural Heritage” for 2004-2006, the Institute’s employees take part in the implementation of the main tasks in the section “History and Ethnography”.
This project aims to identify, study and publish scientific works in the following areas:
– Generalization and interpretation of empirical data on philosophical and historical thought and the creation of the book series “World Historical Thought”;
– Study and translation of ancient written sources, including Byzantine ones, on the history of the peoples who lived on the territory of Kazakhstan in ancient times;
– Research of the history of the Kazakh people based on materials from Russian pre-revolutionary sources;
– Study and translation of works by European and Anglo-American researchers on the history and culture of Kazakhstan against a broad chronological background;
– Study and systematization of sources on Kazakh folk customs, rituals and traditions, preparation and publication of a series of books in 3 volumes “Kazakh folk customs and traditions”; Preparation and publication of the book “Historical anthropology of the Kazakhs”.
Scientific research in the above-mentioned areas allows to expand the informational, cognitive and practical aspects of historical science, to make a scientific contribution to the development and improvement of the educational process, to the formation of a national idea taking into account the “multifaceted experience of spiritual and cultural development of the entire world civilization”. The main goal of this project is to create a fund of humanitarian education in historical science. The results obtained allow us to present the evolution and current state of historical consciousness; to identify the main positions of world historical thought; to expand the source study basis of scientific research and humanitarian education. When compiling the volumes, priority was given to historical materials of a complex nature, containing valuable little-known information on a wide range of issues of the socio-economic and political history of Kazakhstan and the cultural history of the Kazakh people; as well as to those sources that provide the most detailed description of little-studied aspects of socio-political life, international relations, social etiquette and cultural achievements of the nomadic population of the region in different eras.
Translation and editorial work has been carried out in 5 areas of the section, and the prepared volumes of the series have been submitted to publishers according to the schedule. According to the main areas of the state program “Cultural Heritage” in the section “History and Ethnography”, work is being carried out in 5 areas:
1. World Historical Thought in 10 Volumes. (Mazhitov S.F. – PhD in History)
2. History of Kazakhstan in the works of ancient authors in 2 volumes. (Responsible: Garkavets A.N. – Doctor of Philological Sciences)
3. History of Kazakhstan in Russian sources in 10 volumes. (Responsible: Erofeeva I.V. – PhD in History, VNS)
4. History of Kazakhstan in Western sources in 10 volumes. Responsible – Suzhikov B.M. (PhD, Head of Department)
5. Kazakh folk customs and rites. Responsible – Azhigali S.E. (Dr. of History, Head of Department) Initial work in each of the areas demonstrated the scientific and practical significance and necessity of the research being conducted.
To collect materials, scientific trips were made to neighboring (Russian Federation, Ukraine) and distant foreign countries (Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, France, Turkey, Germany).
As a result of working through all these issues, the following work was carried out by the performers of the History and Ethnography section:
I. World historical thought in 10 volumes. Responsible – Mazhitov S.F. – PhD in history, SNS.
Work was carried out to collect materials for 10 volumes of the series: identification, photocopying, annotation of each volume, translation into Kazakh. Due to the lack of the necessary publications in Kazakhstani libraries, a scientific trip of S.F. Mazhitov took place from September 5 to 24, 2004. The main need for this trip was the following: to identify materials missing from Kazakhstani libraries (pre-revolutionary publications of the 18th-19th and first quarter of the 20th centuries, available in single copies in Moscow libraries; reprinted works in the 80-90s both in the Russian Federation and abroad). For this purpose, work was carried out in the Russian State Library; the Book Museum of the Russian Federation; the Library of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences; the Russian Public Historical Library.
As a result, material on more than 70 names of authors and works was identified. Among them: – rare books:
XVIII century – 4 titles
XIX century – 9 titles
1st quarter XX century – 14 titles
– Materials collected taking into account changes, quality of translations from the original – 1917-1991 – 8 titles.
– Books and authors missing from libraries of Kazakhstan – 1940-2004 – 63 titles.
– Books and authors republished in the post-Soviet period – 1917-1991 – 17 titles.
The total volume of the identified materials is about 10,000 pages. It contains additional information about the authors and works, necessary for the prefaces to the volumes of the series “World Historical Thought”. In general, the identified material, both in content and in need, significantly affects the quality of the series, and helps reduce the time required to compile the volumes.
At the same time, during the trip to Moscow under the project “World Historical Thought” 13 books were purchased that are not available in Kazakhstan or have been republished in Russia in recent years. These include the latest translations of Chinese, Egyptian, Hittite ancient sources, works by Paul Ricoeur, Paul Ven, Francis Fukuyama, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Samuel Huntington, S. Platonov and others.
By December 2004, work on compiling all 10 volumes of the series was completed; the prepared volumes were submitted for translation into Kazakh. After approval of the translation quality, volumes 1-4 will be submitted to the Foliant publishing house by the end of December 2004. All work is being carried out according to the schedule approved and agreed upon with the Ministry of Information and the publishing house.
II. History of Kazakhstan in the works of ancient authors in 2 volumes. Responsible – Garkavets A.N. – Doctor of Philological Sciences, State Tax Service.
The content of Volume I of the series is based on excerpts from the works of ancient Greek, Jewish, Latin, Syrian, Armenian, Georgian authors – Herodotus, Ptolemy, Strabo, Josephus Flavius, Eusebius Pamphilius, Davrizhetsi, Khorenatsi, etc. – III century BC – IX century AD. They contain little-known information about the tribes and peoples of Central Asia in ancient times and the early Middle Ages, their material and spiritual culture, history, beliefs, language. Volume II is planned to include excerpts from the works of Byzantine authors on the history of the Turkic peoples who were on the territory of Dasht-i Kipchak.
Due to the absence of most of the listed sources in Kazakhstan, a scientific trip to distant foreign countries is planned for this series. From 21.09 to 07.10.2004, a scientific trip of Garkavets A.I. took place to the following countries: Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, France, Turkey.
In Paris, Vienna, and Venice, medieval chronicles and legal codes were discovered containing information on the military and socio-political history of the Turkic peoples of the early Middle Ages (9th-14th centuries).
As a preliminary acquaintance with the Catalogue of the Secret Archives of the Vatican showed, this collection contains documents – papal charters related to the missionary activity of the Vatican among the Turkic ethnic groups of Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe from the 9th century to the 13th century. Since these archives are secret, in order to organize scientific research work with this archival collection it is necessary to establish contacts through diplomatic channels at the interstate level.
In the Netherlands, the first printed book in the Kipchak language, “The Prayer Book of Ovanes Karmadanents (1618),” was found in the library of Leiden University. Thanks to the fact that this single copy has survived, it is possible to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Kipchak book printing. Also, 65 Turkic manuscripts containing various information on the history of the Turkic peoples were found in Leiden. It should be noted that a significant number of sources are in Turkish book depositories, which have not yet been studied, and at the same time, the information contained in them is directly related to the ancient and medieval history of the Kazakh people.
Preliminary work in the book depositories, archives of the National Library, Topkany Saray Museum, at the Bayazit Mosque testifies to the above. In particular, the history of the movement of the Kipchak Turks to Egypt during the foundation and development of the Mamluk state is traced by individual sources. During the stay at the Foundation for the Development of the Turkish Language, a meeting was held with researchers from Georgia – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Tbilisi University G. Anchabadze and Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Vice-Rector of the same university G. Asariani, who are engaged in identifying sources on the history of the Caucasian Turks. An agreement was reached with them on the provision of Georgian sources on the history of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Work in Turkey showed that access to materials is possible upon reaching an interstate agreement on scientific cooperation. First of all, it is necessary to conclude agreements with the Turkish Historical Society, Istanbul University, Fatih University, and the universities of Ankara, Bursa and Izmir.
From October 14 to 22, 2004, a scientific mission took place in the Russian Federation (St. Petersburg, Moscow), Ukraine (Kyiv, Kharkov, Simferopol). In book depositories and archives, materials were found
– early printed publications of primary sources on the history of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe.
According to the schedule, work on compiling Volume I of “Ancient Authors on the Turks and Other Epics of Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe” is being completed.
III. History of Kazakhstan in Russian sources in 10 volumes. Responsible – Erofeeva I.V. – PhD in History, VNS.
In the series “History of Kazakhstan in Russian sources of the 16th-20th centuries”, the texts of the 1st volume “Polish materials of the 16th – early 18th centuries on Kazakhstan and the Kazakhs” and the 3rd volume “Materials of A.I. Tevkelev (1667-1766) on the history of Kazakhstan and the Kazakhs (18th century)” have been mainly prepared for publication. They include a large complex of the most valuable materials from the central archives of the Russian Federation of the 16th-18th centuries (AVPRI, RGADA, RGVIA), directly devoted to the history and ethnography of our region and the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. Thus, the contents of the first volume consisted of many previously unknown to science reports of Russian embassy missions about the Kazakh steppe, reports of local border governors, article “lists” of Russian ambassadors about their stay in the Kazakh lands, their travel routes, and the testimony of so-called “experienced people” about events in Kazakhstan and neighboring countries of the East.
The third volume of the collection includes such important and inaccessible to researchers of our country documentary materials on the history of Kazakhstan as the most detailed journals of his stay in the Kazakh nomad camps in 1748 and 1757 of the prominent Russian official and diplomat Alexei Ivanovich Tevkelev, as well as his special notes on the history of the Kazakhs, the tribal composition of the three zhuzes, the geography of the settlement of the Kazakh clans and tribes, the peculiarities of the relationship of the Kazakh khanates with Russia and neighboring states and peoples of Central Asia and many aspects of the contemporary to the author socio-political situation of the Kazakhs and social relations in the Kazakh society of the 18th century. The exceptional value of these materials lies in the fact that A.I. Tevkelev had almost thirty years of experience in close communication with many representatives of the ruling elite of the Kazakhs, as well as ordinary nomads, was fluent in spoken Kazakh and written Central Asian Turkic (Chagatai language), and therefore was able to give the most detailed for his time and most accurate account of all the events and phenomena he observed in the Kazakh steppe.
The published materials of the 1st and 3rd volumes are provided with scholarly commentaries to the texts and introductory source studies essays by the compilers, indexes of names and geographical names, and original illustrations. The specified volumes were submitted to the Dyke Press publishing house according to the work schedule.
Work has also begun on identifying, collecting material and compiling the remaining eight volumes of this series.
II. History of Kazakhstan in Western sources in 10 volumes. Responsible – Suzhikov B.M. – PhD in History, Head of Department.
The following works have been carried out in this series: translation from French, scientific editing and submission to the publishing house “Sanat” of the first and second volumes of R. Grusset’s “The Empire of the Steppes: Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane”.
In his fundamental work, Grousset relied on a wide range of different sources, including the works of Western, Old Russian and Chinese authors. Of particular importance is the author’s reading of the original sources from the Phrygian
manuscripts to the Chinese chronicle “Ming-shi”, which allowed him to give his own interpretation of some conceptual definitions, ethnonyms, names and geographical names. This approach provides the key to new discoveries in nomadic studies. The narrative begins with the ancient world of the steppe civilization, where the initial stage of the ethnogenesis of the Turkic-Mongol tribes is traced. Next, a detailed analysis of the formation of the early medieval nomadic states and their imperial conquests is presented. The most active phase of the development of the steppe civilization is represented by the life story and significance of such personalities as Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. Through the description of the moral climate of those eras, Grousset for the first time puts forward the assumption that the cult of chivalry originated precisely on the basis of Turkic-Mongol nomadism.
The compilation and translation from German of Volume III “German Researchers in Kazakhstan” has been completed; the translation from English of Volume IV by Hostler I. “Turkism and the Soviets. The Turks of the World and Their Nomadic Aspirations” has been completed and scientific editing is underway; the translation and scientific editing of Volume V by Benson L., Svanberg I. “The Kazakhs of China” and “Kazakh Refugees in Turkey” has been completed. Translations of Volume VI by Galperin C.J. “Russia and the Steppe: Georgy Vernardsky and Eurasianism” with an appendix have been prepared for submission to Sanat Publishing House LLC. Work has been completed on compiling 7 volumes of the series. From 25.11 to 21.12. 2004. Erofeeva I.V. is on a scientific trip to France and Germany to compile the remaining 3 volumes of the series. These publications provide for the collection of unique materials in German, English and French on the history of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. Thus, the 7th volume is planned to include works in German: Germersen “Journey to the Urals and the Kirghiz Steppe” (1835); “Information about Bukhara, Khiva, Kokand and the northwestern part of the Chinese state” (1839); Ber K.U. “Information about Siberia and the Kirghiz Steppe” (1834); Rade G. “Impressions of a trip to South Siberia” (1856); Vlangales “Journey through the Eastern Kirghiz Steppe (1856). The 8th volume is planned to include materials in French: Selena K. “Alone in the Steppe” (1887); Klapro J. “Historical and Ethnographic Information about the Kazakhs” (1825).
Volumes 9-10 will include works by the following authors in English: Skyler, J. Turkestan. Notes on a Journey to Russian Turkestan, to Kokand, Bukhara, and Ghulja in 2 volumes (1876); Bertschneider, R. Information on the Western World, Collected in the Era of the Elder Tang (1618-907); Journey to the West by Jiyu Chan Chun (1887); Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (1923); Clavijo, Embassy to Timur (1403-1406).
The uniqueness of these materials lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of rather colorful descriptions of Kazakh life of that time, its ritual aspects and the social structure of nomadic society. A significant layer in this volume is devoted to historical geography in terms of toponymy of a number of regions of Kazakhstan, restoration of lost names of the location of auls, camps and places of nomadism. Descriptions of the economic structure of the Kazakh economy and their trade relations are given.
V. Kazakh folk customs and traditions in 2 volumes. Responsible – Azhigali S.E. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of Department.
The main work on the first volume of “Kazakh folk customs and traditions: general and specific” (25 pp.) has been completed. The first volume contains 4 chapters: “General view” (Nauryz, “Kazakh” Islam, religiosity of the modern rural population, Kazakh mentality), “Production rituals” (cattle breeding, agricultural, related to hunting, fishing, trades, crafts, applied arts), “Regional features of rituals” (Saryarka, Western Kazakhstan, Zhetysu, Southern Kazakhstan, Kazakhs of Mongolia), “Relics” (“as”, “kymyzmuryndyk”, “kokpar”, “baksylyk”, “tasattyk”, “kulpytas”). The authors of the texts were employees of the department – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Azhigali S.E., Ph.D. Toktabay A.U., Ph.D. Baygabatova N.K., Ph.D. Mustafina R.M., researcher Orazbek E.Zh., junior researcher Oshanov O.Zh., as well as such scientists as Doctor of History, Professor A.T. Toleubaev, Doctor of Historical Sciences Tokhtabaeva Sh.Zh., Doctor of Historical Sciences B. Kamalashuly, Ph.D. A. Kudaibergenova, ethnographers Smagulov E., K. Bekbalak. The collection uses the latest field materials collected during expeditions to Mongolia (2002-2004) and Western Kazakhstan (2004).
Scientific schools and directions. Scientific schools have been formed and operate at the Institute in the following directions: ethnogenesis and anthropology of the Kazakh people (Ismagulov O.I., Azhigali S.E.); medieval history of Kazakhstan (Pishulina K.A., Zardykhan K.); history of the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people (Koygeldiev M.K., Valikhanov E.Zh.); Kazakhstan in the conditions of the totalitarian Soviet system (Nurpeis K.N., Abylkhozhin Zh.B., Aldazhumanov K.S.); historical demography and diaspora studies (Asylbekov M.Kh., Mendikulova G.M.); historiography, source studies (Suzhikov B.M.).
Thus, a brief analysis of the scientific achievements of the Institute indicates significant advances in the field of studying national history and ethnology of Kazakhstan. At the same time, it should be noted that problematic issues in such important areas as the history of statehood, ethnogenesis and anthropology, the role and place of Kazakhstan in the Eurasian space in the past and present, etc., require further study and understanding.
Prospects and directions of scientific research of the Institute
1. One of the urgent problems of fundamental historical science is the theoretical and methodological problems of historical knowledge of the formation and development of the state independence of Kazakhstan. In this aspect, the task is not to give a simple factual analysis of the collapse of the empire and the emergence in its place of small states with identical predetermination of fate. The phenomenon of Kazakhstan is that, contrary to expectations of a deep economic collapse and, as a consequence, an internal detonation of a multi-ethnic society, the country managed to bloodlessly and almost without outbursts of civil disobedience go through the difficult path of recognition of the state in the international community as an equal member. Even that short period of time during which the republic was established as a sovereign state once again testifies to the fact that, on the one hand, history is being understood as a single global process, and, on the other hand, the locality of any historical knowledge is increasingly emphasized.
At present, there is an urgent need to fill the content of the Kazakhstan model of development in modern times with real scientific and historical knowledge, which would consist in establishing the main reasons and factors for the success of overcoming the post-imperial stage and Kazakhstan’s exit to the highway of self-sufficiency. Among the priority tasks, the following can be highlighted: the unitary nature of state building as a guarantor of the country’s integrity; the formation of Kazakhstani society not as a new ethnic community, but as a community of citizens of different nationalities based on their civil self-determination; modernization of the national economic complex; the conditionality of the implementation gradual political reforms along the lines of economic favorability; the emergence of Kazakhstan as a truly active actor in the international arena.
It is no secret that in these areas, as well as in other aspects of the modern history of the fatherland, there is a fierce struggle of worldviews not only among supporters and ill-wishers, but also among true patriots of the country. In many ways, this is due to fragmented historical knowledge of the recent past. Therefore, the task of official historical science is seen in creating a holistic picture of the national history of the end of the last and the beginning of this century in all its diversity. At the same time, it is necessary to identify the structural moments of the development of Kazakhstani society. This will allow us to present history as a special sphere, endowed with its own existential specificity, and on the other hand, to show its orderliness and, accordingly, to depict it as something understandable and rational.
2. At present, such a conceptual analysis of the objective historical process is impossible without taking into account the global trend of internationalization of all aspects of life. For Kazakhstan in this case, it is determined by the conjugation of two components: the movement towards globalization and the commitment of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the ideas of the new Eurasianism. Historical science in this regard has already played an important role as a factor mobilizing public consciousness. The peculiarity of the moment was that in response to the challenges of modernity in unifying socio-cultural processes, it proposed a paradigm for entering the future of a universal human civilization based on preserving immanent features and national identity. At the same time, it spoke out against the civilizational confrontation between East and West, continentalism and Atlanticism.
In this context, the task of historians is to modernize these two concepts from the level of a certain “messianic role” and “special worldview” to universally understandable maxims of a polycentric world. In the spatio-temporal dimension, this means that globalization in the historical dimension correlates not with new empires and world gendarmes, but with overland trade routes through the satellite countries of the Great Silk Road, not with the chronology and cartography of conquests, but with cross-cultural mutual enrichment and the cultivation of global civic values. Methodological approaches here are far from problem-free, especially in the question of the relationship between Eastern and Western civilizations. The role of historians in this case is to find points of contact between socio-cultural realities, geopolitical interests and modern value-normative priorities based on the history of the peoples of the Eurasian subcontinent. It should also be taken into account that the escalation of national and ethnic problems was largely a reaction to the trends of increasing unification of spiritual and material culture in the context of globalization. In this regard, the historical science of Kazakhstan may not oppose itself to the Western technogenic civilization, but act as its equal partner, continuing to contribute, but in a more intensive mode, to the treasury of world values the spiritual and cultural potential of community and tolerance that has been accumulating for centuries. This is due to the fact that in global knowledge there cannot be an object without a subject of knowledge and that the integrity of the world, of humanity, presupposes at its core the interdependence of the images and essences of this integrity.
In this regard, the issue of information support for the humanitarian science of Kazakhstan is a pressing problem in domestic historical knowledge, which is directly related to the study of the specifics of historical thinking and the search for scientific methods. It is no secret that to this day, humanities specialists are unable to operate the scientific instruments developed in the world during the years of Soviet isolation. And even today, information about world achievements reaches them indirectly, sometimes through tendentiously interpretive channels. Meanwhile, the information resource of society, along with the natural and man-made, is becoming a civilization-forming factor.
3. In order to substantiate and ensure ethno-territorial integrity, it is necessary to develop the history of the formation of the state borders of Kazakhstan. Attempts to revise the validity of the state borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan are made by a number of Russian historians (V. Moiseyev et al., Barnaul) and other neighboring states.
4. Understanding the historical experience of the activities of national political elites is becoming increasingly important in science. The behavior and position of the ruling elite had a huge impact on the choice of development paths at various stages of the country’s history. Domestic historiography has accumulated a huge amount of material on this problem and has sufficient experience to develop this problem, which has great socio-cultural significance.
5. Against this background of forced isolation, the implementation of the program “Cultural Heritage” proposed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be considered a real breakthrough. It was a response of the state to the demands of society. And already at the first stage of the work, during heuristic research, it was discovered that no less, if not more, has been written about the history and modernity of the Turkic peoples than in domestic historiography. Therefore, this type of activity should apparently be put on a systemic basis. Kazakhstan occupies one of the leading places in this rich scientific research apparatus. However, the peculiarity is that the history of the Kazakhs and Kazakhstan is considered in a single complex of either Central Asia or Russian statehood. Of course, it is highly expensive and impossible to cover all the material in a complete publication. Therefore, some other forms of information support in this area should be envisaged for the future.
The most optimal genre in this regard seems to be the abstracting and scientific information analysis genre, which in international copyright law is not considered as an object of intellectual property and therefore does not require large subsidies for their acquisition. It is necessary to renew the practice of the once existing department of scientific information on social sciences. By creating a publishing house, an electronic library with connections with foreign organizations of this kind, it would be possible to successfully help overcome the language barrier and satisfy the hunger of Kazakhstani scientists for foreign sources. Through the Internet, world knowledge about Kazakhs and Kazakhstan could be spread throughout the world.
6. Problems of Ethnology and Anthropology. The strict ideological and doctrinaire control over Soviet historiography led it into a theoretical and methodological dead end in the discourse on the problems of ethnic relations. Stalin’s maxim about the nation stood like a concrete wall in the way of living intellectual innovations and conceptual breakthroughs. Its famous four-element definition continues to exert an almost hypnotic effect on the minds of people who self-confidently appeal to national problems.
Meanwhile, it has long been impossible to count the number of historical precedents that have been studied, showing that two of the characteristics of a nation declared by Stalin (“common language” and “common culture”) relate to the ethnic group, and two – “common territory” and “common economic life” – relate to the geosocial organism, i.e. the state, and there is not a single one that relates to the nation itself.
The research consciousness is also liberated from another stereotype of Soviet historiography, according to which a nation is not simply an ethnos, but its highest form, replacing nationality. By means of the latest conceptual and categorical tools, the artificially erected identity between the concepts of “nation”, “ethnos”, “people” is resolved. All these are historical macro-phenomena, related to different social environments.
The essence of ethnic community is manifested in ethnic processes – ethnic assimilation, ethnic fusion (consolidation), ethnic inclusion (incorporation) and ethnic splitting (divergence). These processes occur spontaneously and largely independently of the will of people.
The principle of ethnicity does not carry political content. A nation, on the contrary, is a political and legal category. A nation is the totality of all citizens of a state, its entire population, regardless of ethnicity. A nation is a stable legal connection between an individual and a state, expressed in the presence of mutual rights and obligations. A nation acts as a special identity associated with membership in a political society, which can be opposed to other identities – class, racial, ethnic, religious.
This is where the asymmetry of the basic characteristics of ethnic and national self-awareness comes from, which are differentiated, among other things, along the boundaries of cultural and civilizational gaps.
The development of the latest theoretical and conceptual apparatus by the advanced historical science of Kazakhstan allows it to make a powerful breakthrough in understanding such fundamental problems as: the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs; the degree of adequacy of the socio-political organisms that arose on the territory of Kazakhstan to the criteria of statehood; the nature of the protest movement in Russian-imperial colonism in terms of identifying the presence in it of perception of truly national symbols and ideas; the correlation of the priorities of narrowly corporate communal and more spatial national self-consciousness, which, in particular, is important for understanding such stereotypical issues as October and the “steppe” periphery (was the October Revolution in Kazakhstan objectively conditioned or was it a “colonialist” extrapolation in a forceful execution), etc.
Considering that it is history, the common past, that creates a nation and that it is the past that justifies it in the eyes of others, and historians are the people who “produce” this past, it can be said that historical science is largely responsible for the process of consolidation of Kazakhstani society.
The problems that academic historical science is currently dealing with show that it is deeply aware of the importance of this function. But one cannot help but see the pressure that scientific and rational knowledge is subjected to from history amateurs. The progress of historical research, its emergence at a truly scientific and rational level, poses a danger to various pseudo-patriotic, ultra-nationalist maxims, because it exposes their myth-making essence. Easily and irresponsibly speculating on the substitution and simply amateurish misunderstanding of serious theoretical positions and elementary ignorance of historical material, individual publicists interpret individual plots and questions of the history of ethnic and national relations in such a way that “their history” turns out to be capable of provoking a split in society, alienating part of it from the creative processes of modernization and state-building, turning it, if not into opposition to these processes, then, in any case, into outsiders and uninterested observers. The saddest thing is that proselytes from historical mythology are recruited, including in the ranks of professional historians.
In connection with the above, it is necessary to develop such problems as the ethnic history of the Kazakhs, interethnic relations in multiethnic Kazakhstan, the culture and life of the peoples of modern Kazakhstan. Timely identification of destabilization factors is of no small importance for the stable functioning of society, for which it is necessary to conduct ethnosociological research among the population. It is necessary to continue anthropological research. In addition, more in-depth studies of the problems of adaptation of oralmans and the history of the Kazakh diaspora abroad are necessary.
7. The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Ch.Ch.Valikhanov of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan is actively developing the implementation of innovative technologies in the historical science of Kazakhstan. The employees of the Institute have developed electronic textbooks and educational films on the history of Kazakhstan for schools and higher educational institutions for the first time in the Republic. Multimedia developments (textbooks and educational films) of the Institute’s employees have been noted by foreign specialists from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, and Russia. Thus, the first electronic textbook in the Republic, “History of Kazakhstan. General Course” (Almaty, 2000), which took 1st place at the Republican scientific and practical conference-exhibition “New Information Technologies in Education” (Astana, November 13-15, 2003), was highly appreciated by British experts, who invited the developers of the textbook to the 1st World Summit on Informatization in Switzerland.
At the request of the Republican Center for Informatization of Education (RCIE), the Institute developed methodological recommendations for the creation of educational films and electronic textbooks on the history of Kazakhstan, and prepared methodological manuals for teachers using interactive teaching methods based on computer technologies in the educational process.
As part of the implementation of the state program for the informatization of educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2002-2004, an electronic textbook “History of Kazakhstan. Grade 11” was developed in Russian and Kazakh, which is actively used in the educational process in secondary educational institutions, a multimedia electronic anthology “Illustrated History of Kazakhstan” was developed, a series of educational and educational-methodical films were created in the system of the Satellite Channel of Distance Learning for rural schools in Kazakhstan. Currently, the Institute’s employees are working on the implementation of the project “Computer educational animations on the history of Kazakhstan for grades 5-11 of secondary comprehensive school”.
The Institute actively cooperates with the publishing houses “Atamura” and “Mektep”, acting as an expert and editor of school textbooks. This also includes cooperation in the preparation of new generation textbooks and alternative textbooks on the history of Kazakhstan for grades 5-11.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Institute has developed tasks for regional and republican school Olympiads, test tasks for the National competitions of scientific projects of schoolchildren at the Republican Scientific and Practical Center “Daryn” of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Kazakh and Russian.
The Institute has repeatedly initiated the holding of national historical competitions for schoolchildren (Man in History. Kazakhstan – 20th century), the Institute’s employees themselves directly participate in the course of all events.
The Institute, within the framework of innovative research areas, is working on the implementation of the International Project for the Creation of a Unified Electronic Database of Victims of Political Repression “Returned Names”.
8. The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Ch.Ch.Valikhanov of the Ministry of Education and Science was one of the first among the research institutes in the republic to start using the Internet hyperspace as an interactive tool for integrating fundamental historical science of Kazakhstan into the information space of the 21st century. The Institute is the initiator and developer of the concept of using Internet technologies as an innovative direction of historical research in the republic (in particular, conducting innovative historiographic, source studies (using modern computer technologies for studying archaeographic sources based on the use and implementation of Internet resources), taking into account the peculiarities of the development of historical science in Kazakhstan, as well as the concept of managing scientific resources through the use of computer systems (DBMS – database management systems). For the first time, steps were taken to “present” fundamental science in the global Internet system (within the framework of fundamental innovative research, the official website of the Institute of History (http://www.unesco.kz/kazhіstory) was developed and posted on the World Wide Web).
Since 2004, the Institute of History has begun implementing a unique scientific pilot project in Kazakhstan to create a single republican historical and information virtual network. The project is aimed at solving the problems of integrating the humanitarian research infrastructure of the republic as part of a common scientific and information complex with free access to it through the World Wide Web. Within the framework of this project, the Institute of History initiates the appearance in the Global Network of a virtual scientific forum on history, “specialized” historical web portals, the authorship of which will serve as a guarantor of the authenticity of historical material posted on the Internet (for example, a website of electronic collections of unique Turkic manuscripts (www.qypchaq.freenet.kz, www.qypchaq.unesco.kz – author A.N. Garkavets, SNS IIE).
Over the past few years, the Institute’s staff has been monitoring the historical resources of the Internet, and has identified priority areas for integrating fundamental science into the World Wide Web. One of the final stages of this project’s implementation will be the emergence of a system of distance learning and control via satellite communications – conducting training seminars, workshops, scientific virtual forums, etc., in accordance with the concept of continuous learning in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The Institute carries out systematic work on computer processing of historical sources, creation of an electronic database on its basis, and is developing a project for a virtual historical library.
Since November 2003, the Institute of History has been the official web partner of the UNESCO cluster bureau for content filling of the web portal “World Heritage” – http: www.herіtagenet.unesco.kz, http: www.herіtagenet.unesco.org (UNESCO general project), acting as a web correspondent of the portal of world historical heritage for the new independent states.
In this regard, it seems important to further intensify the efforts of academic science in the field of research into ethnic and national history. Therefore, the Institute of History in its long-term scientific plans provides for an even wider expansion of research in this field in the very near future. Having good potential in this regard (a well-known scale of anthropologists and ethnologists, ethnohistorians and ethnodemographers in the CIS), the Institute will do everything possible in this direction of historical science.
In this regard, it seems important to further intensify the efforts of academic science in the field of research into ethnic and national history. Therefore, the Institute of History in its long-term scientific plans provides for an even wider expansion of research in this field in the very near future. Having good potential in this regard (a well-known scale of anthropologists and ethnologists, ethnohistorians and ethnodemographers in the CIS), the Institute will do everything possible in this direction of historical science.
The contribution of IEE scientists to the development of historical science in Kazakhstan has been recognized with high state awards and prizes.
The laureates of the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR (1982) were employees of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography named after. C.H. Valikhanova: A.N. Nusupbekov, K.A. Akishev, B.N. Abisheva, G.F. Dachschleiger, A.H. Margulan, K.N. Nurpeisov – for the work “History of the Kazakh SSR from ancient times to the present day” in 5 volumes. A number of IIE scientists for monographic research were awarded in different years the prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after. C.H. Valikhanova: K.A. Akishev, M.K. Kadyrbaev, A.Kh. Margulan and A.N. Nusupbekov (1968), S.N. Pokrovsky and M.K. Kozybaev (1971), T.B. Balakaev (1972), R.B. Suleimenov (1973), B. Suleimenov (1979), K.M. Baypakov (1988), O. Ismagulov and K. Sikhimbaeva (1991). In 1982, the title of Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic in the field of science and technology was awarded to K.N. Nurpeisov.
In 1994, Academician M.K. Kozybayev was awarded the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Science and Technology for a series of historical studies. In 1997, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Director of the Institute of Historical and Economic Studies, Academician M.K. Kozybayev was awarded the Presidential Prize for Peace and Spiritual Harmony. In 1998, for services to the development of historical science in the Republic of Kazakhstan, active participation in the preparation and holding of events related to the “Year of National Unity and National History”, Corresponding Members of the NAS RK M.Kh. Asylbekov, K.N. Nurpeis, O.I. Ismagulov were awarded the title of Honored Scientist and Engineer of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the Order of “Kurmet” was awarded to K.S. Aldazhumanov, Deputy Director of the Institute of Historical and Economic Studies; the Order of “Dostyk” was awarded to K.A. Pishchulina, Head of the Department of Ancient and Medieval History. In 2000, Doctor of Historical Sciences H.A. Argynbaev and Doctor of Historical Sciences M.S. Mukanov were awarded (posthumously) the Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Prize for a series of works on history and ethnography. In 2002-2004 – a state scientific scholarship for scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the development science and technology was awarded to academician K. Nurpeis. In 2005, the scholarship holders were – scientists of the institute, Doctor of Historical Sciences, head of department Z. Kinayatuly, Doctor of Historical Sciences Mendikulova G.M., among young scientists – Krivkov A. For the achieved successes in the study of problems of modern history, academician of the NAS RK Nurpeis K. was awarded the Order of “Parasat”.
In 2005, the Institute of History and Ethnology initiated the organization of the public association “Association of Historians of Kazakhstan” (“Kazakhstan tarikhshylaryny” Ҝауымдастиєы”). The goals of the Association are “implementation and protection of economic, social and cultural rights and freedoms; promoting the democratization of society; satisfying professional and amateur interests; developing scientific and technical creativity; participating in charitable activities; conducting cultural and educational work and expanding international cooperation.
The objectives of the Association are:
Study of the historical heritage of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Generalization and dissemination of the experience of historians throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Active organizational, practical and methodological work to unite and coordinate the activities of historians; Representation and protection of the interests of historians of Kazakhstan in the state authorities and administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Active participation in the implementation of Kazakhstani programs for the formation of historical consciousness and the development of historical disciplines; Provision of financial and other support for the activities of various charitable foundations of the REPUBLIC of Kazakhstan; Creation of the necessary conditions for the support and deployment of large-scale international activities of domestic historians. The subject of the Association’s activities is: International activities in the field of protecting the rights and interests of historians; Publishing activities, work with the media; Organization of assistance in studying abroad for pupils, undergraduates, graduate students, doctoral students, and historians; Scientific, methodological, research and educational activities; Generalization of the experience of teaching historical disciplines in the system of university and school education; Integration of the activities of research institutions with educational institutions; Development of the innovative research sector institutions with educational institutions; development of the innovative scientific research sector; creation of the necessary conditions for the support and development of large-scale international activities of domestic social scientists; development of programs to support young historians; participation of historians in international, national and other educational events; specialization, internships for the purpose of studying foreign experience, establishing business contacts, searching for sponsors; participation in attracting foreign investment, using the latest technologies based on specific programs; promotion of historical, cultural, scientific cooperation and exchange of experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan with other states; preparation, organization and holding of domestic and foreign exhibitions, fairs, auctions, charity events, etc.
Domestic historical science has its own potential laid down for decades and significant influence on the affirmation of its further authority among the leading historiographic schools of the world is exerted by the processes of sovereignty and democratization taking place in Kazakhstani society. This is also facilitated by the achievements of historical science in the field of anthropology, archeology, national history, ethnology. These areas are competitive at the global level. High scientific level of fundamental research in the field of historical science of the Republic of Kazakhstan is supported by the wide participation of its scientists in international scientific congresses and conferences and the publication of works in foreign editions, which allows it to occupy a worthy place in the world scientific community. Over the years of independence, domestic historical science has reached the level of interdisciplinary ties. Anthropological research is carried out in contact with the Institutes of Physiology, Nutrition and other institutions of this profile, as well as on the basis of the A. Margulan Institute of Archeology. Ethnological research of the art of nomads touches upon a wide range of issues of related scientific disciplines: ethnogenesis, ethnic history, archeology, folklore studies, art history, history of folk architecture. Research on the history of medieval Kazakhstan is carried out in close coordination with oriental studies of the Institute of Oriental Studies and the Institute of Linguistics. The study of the problems of historiography and source studies is carried out at the junction of historical science with related fields – socio-political history of mentalistics, folk historiology, historical informatics and information historiography. The integration scientific and scientific-methodical ties of the historical science of the Republic of Kazakhstan with universities, the system of secondary and secondary specialized education both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and abroad are expanding every year. The participation of historians in legislative activities has increased, which confirms the demand for the results of scientific research in the field of historical science. In general, the main efforts of historians of sovereign Kazakhstan are aimed at developing conceptual approaches to the most important problems of the history of the Republic of Kazakhstan, rethinking them, developing a new research methodology, creating scientific works that highlight the historical experience of the development of the Kazakh nation and the Kazakh people.