SMAGUL SADUAKASULY


Smagul Saduakasuly (1900-1933) – a prominent public figure and statesman, writer.

Biography

Saduakas-uly Smagul – a prominent public figure and statesman, he was born in 1900 in Zharkyn village of the Karoy region, Sharlak district of the Akmola region (now Akzhar district of the North Kazakhstan region). Up to 10 years old, he was educated and taught literacy by his father, Mullah Saduakas. From the age of 11 he studies at aul school. In the years 1912-1915 continues to study at the Russian-Kazakh school in Poltavka. In the years 1916-1918 studies at the Omsk Agricultural College, at cooperative classes at the Polytechnic Institute, at the cooperative faculty of the Agricultural Institute. Along with this, he teaches short-term courses and works as the head of the educational department of the Kazakh branch of the Zemsky administration of the Akmola region (Omsk). He has been participating in the political struggle since 1916.

The legacy of Smagul Saduakas-uly was not specifically investigated until the 90s. The totalitarian system played a special role in this matter, therefore, scholars who studied the history of literature of the post-revolutionary period were forced to mention the name of Smagul only in passing. A. Baitursyn-uly / 1 /, T. Shonanov / 2 /, B. Kenzhebaev / 3 / highly appreciated him as a literary critic, writer and publicist. It is also necessary to mention the names of G. Togzhanov, S. Mukanov, E. Bekenov, A. Baydildin, I. Zhansugurov, S. Seifullin, A. Tazhibaev and others / 4 /, who were critical of the activities of Smagul during his life and after his death, considering him a “nationalist-minded literary critic and bai’s minion.”

S. Saduakas-uly avoided the mass arrests of 1929 and the executions of the Kazakh intelligentsia of 1937, as during the first arrests he was removed from politics and left Kazakhstan (to Moscow). During the years of repression of the 30s, he passed away.

According to the research of the English Sovietologist Robert Conquest, a special sector was unofficially opened at the OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) – NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) in the early 1930s. The structure was engaged in the persecution and destruction of people in various ways who opposed Stalinist politics, for national self-determination and sovereignty / 5 /. In the case “Disarmament of a group whose main purpose is an attempt on Goloshchekin and the Soviet government”, preserved in the National Security Committee of Kazakhstan, there are enough “exposing” words to S. Saduakas-uly / 6 /. However, due to a sudden death, he did not appear before the court of the “troika” of the NKVD, he was not charged under paragraph 10 of Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. Despite this, even after the consequences of the personality cult were annulled, neither historians nor literary critics sounded a fair opinion about the outstanding person. Only Professor B. Kenzhebaev wrote: “We should not forget about the writer and critic Smagul.” After the publication of the scholar’s article “Otelmegen paryz”, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan accused and began to persecute the author of the article, the editor and several employees of the newspaper “Qazaq adebieti”, in which the article was published, “for acquitting a person who opposed party policy “/ 7 /.

Historians G. Dahshleiger / 8 /, V. Osipov / 9 / misinterpreted, distorted the famous works of an extraordinary individual. This fact indicates that the totalitarian ideology has left its mark on the course of historical research.

On the eve of Independence and at the dawn of freedom, the works of B. Koishybaev / 10 /, B. Darimbet / 11 /, M. Koigeldiev / 12 /, N. Sansyzbayev / 13 /, D. Kamzabek-uly / 14 / about the writer and public figure containing new autobiographical information were published in the press. In 1993, the multi-volumes of S. Saduakas-uly saw the light of day prepared by B. Darimbet / 15 /, in 2003 and 2013 by D. Kamzabek-uly / 16 /. The author’s latest research book, entitled “Smagul Saduakas-uly” has been supplemented and republished twice. D.Kamzabek-uly and R.S. Yelmurzaeva defended their thesis on the works of a famous figure.

Upon admission to the Omsk Agricultural School / 17 / in 1916, Smagul Saduakas-uly carries out a pen test, describing what he saw and experienced. His formation as a writer was facilitated by his employment in the manuscript journal “Balapan” of the cultural and educational organization “Birlik”, established by the Kazakh youth of Omsk. The purpose of this organization was “the development of culture and literature of the Kazakh people, the strengthening of national identity and the formation of a sense of patriotism” / 18 /. According to Smagul, in the journal, not a single copy of which reached us, “the works of young Alash people were published” / 19 /. After the revolution in 1918, there was a split in the ranks of the “Birlik”, the members of the organization turned off the planned path. Then Smagul Saduakas-uly, K. Kemengerov, G. Dosumbekov, despite their youth, managed to rally them, create the organization “Zhas Azamat” / 20 /. “The golden ideal, the holy goal and the main path of this organization was the freedom and independence of the Kazakh people” / 21 /. S. Saduakas-uly helps in the publication of the newspaper “Zhas Azamat”, which became the voice of young Alash people. In 1919, while working as an instructor in the Union of Cooperative Associations of Western Siberia “Centrosibir” in Omsk / 22 /, he wrote articles in Russian and conducted research for the journal” Trudovaya Sibir”, which was the organ of this economic organization. In 1920, he was hired by the Kazakh-Tatar section of the Siberian Bureau of RKSM / 23 /, where he works as an editor of the weekly newspaper “Enbekshil Zhastar” (Omsk), published in Kazakh / 24 /. In the same 1920 he became an editor-in-chief of the “Kedei sozi” newspaper published in Omsk / 25 /. During the First Congress of the All-Kazakh Councils, which proclaimed the Kazakh Autonomy (1920, October 4-12), “he directs the scientific and economic department of the newspaper “Ushkyn” (now “Egemen Kazakhstan”) / 26 /. After the congress, the newspaper “Ushkyn” was published under the name “Enbek tuy”, where S. Saduakas-uly becomes editor-in-chief / 27 /. In 1922 he took an active part in the publication of the youth newspaper “Orten” / 28 /.

In 1923 he is a member of the editorial board of the journal “Zhas Qazaq” / 29 /. In the years 1924-1925. – executive editor of the journal “Kyzyl Qazaqstan” (now the journal “Akikat”) / 30 /. In the years 1925-1926 he was engaged in editorial activities in the newspaper “Enbekshi Qazaq” (now “Egemen Kazakhstan”) / 31 /.

The above activities in senior posts in the periodical press confirmed the civil position of Smagul Saduakas-uly and demonstrated his extraordinary abilities as a publicist, literary critic, and writer.

In the years 1925-1927 being the Commissioner of Public Education S. Saduakas-uly showed organizational skills in the development of national culture, which strengthened his authority as a writer and enlightener. At the same time, he becomes the initiator of the opening of the first state national theater / 32 / and assists in recording and registering Kazakh songs / 33 /. He brings together experts who collect the works of Abay, Sultanmakhmut / 34 /, which indicates his outstanding role in the history of the development of culture and literature.

The publication chronology of Smagul Saduakas-uly’s works covers the period from 1916 to 1928. He authored the novel “Sarsenbek”, several short stories, including “Kumis konyrau”, selected stories, literary and critical works, and informative materials. Also known are the translations published by him.

His father, Hazret Saduakas, was born in 1872. According to the local historian, Haji Zhakia, he graduated from the Galia Madrasah in Ufa. At home, he was a mullah and taught children Arabic literacy. Smagul’s father was a strong, tall man of large physique.

The aksakals of the aul Zharkyn present his family tree as follows: Smagul’s father is Saduakas, his grandfather is Turabay, his ancestor is Alim. Alim was born from Zhusan, Zhusan from Zhantemir, Zhantemir from Zhienkul, Zhienkul from Kutbak, Kutbak from Babys, Babys from Malay Kerey.

Saduakas Turabay-uly became a victim of the Soviet totalitarian regime in 1937. His only fault was that he was the father of Smagul, who opposed the genocide of the Center and Goloshchekin.

The mother’s name was Majiken. She, according to information left by her son (Smagul), was born in 1879. In 1933, after the bereavement of her only son, a heartbroken mother, shedding tears day and night, was blinded in both eyes. After the innocent exile of her husband Saduakas in 1937, Majiken suddenly died.

If we talk about his siblings, then only a younger sister Orynbasar survived. Of the eighteen children born by Majiken, only Smagul and Orynbasar survived. When being admitted to the Centrosibir Cooperative Association in 1918, Smagul points out: “I have two younger sisters (one – 18 years old, the second – 3 years old) and a younger brother (5 years old)” (source indicated above). Rakhymzhan Aron-uly comments on this as follows: “Saduakas Mullah had only two children. The father of my fathers, Otebay and Aron (I was born from Otebay, but I was raised by Aron from an early age), Alim was the milk brother of Saduakas’s father – Turabay. The genus of our ancestor Zhusan has deep roots, but the ancient family tree could not widely spread its branches. For this reason, despite the fact that each family lived separately, warm family relations were always maintained, so often children were brought up in a relative family. So, “a 5-year-old brother “of uncle Smagul is me I guess, and there is also a 18-year-old sister, and “3-year-old child is Orynbasar”.

The surviving daughter of Saduakas, Orynbasar, was brought up by strangers and died in 1990 in the arms of Rakymzhan Aron-uly, who lived in the village of Kapustino, Lyubinsky district, Omsk region.

Such is the tragedy of Smagul’s family. That is the story. An echo of the real history of Alash during the years of Soviet power.

The future public figure studies Arabic literacy studies the basics of the Islamic religion, along with this he comprehends other sciences. According to aksakal Saduakas-uly Uakap, (the younger brother of Gabbas Togzhanov, died in 1994), the first teacher of Smagul, a person with wide knowledge, a religious scholar Abil Kuanysh, thanks to the support of large bais of the region Saduakas Togzhan-uly, Shamel Bortebay-uly, invites Tatar and Russian teachers. That is supposed to be a Jadid school.

Smagul graduated from the aul school in 1912. After that, he enters a two-year (3 years of study) Russian-Kazakh school in the Russian village of Poltavka, located 50-60 kilometers from Zharkyn. After studying at the school for three years, he had to externally take the exam for mastering the full course, as “his father was not able to pay for continuing his studies” (newspaper “Enbekshі qazaq”, 1925, May 5). As a result, the following marks were obtained: “Discipline – 5; God’s Law – exempted as a Muslim; Russian language – 5; Arithmetic – 5; Geography – 5; Geometry – 5; History – 5; Natural history – 5; Drawing – 5” / 35 /.

Russian-Kazakh schools occupy a special place in our history. So, most representatives of the Alash intelligentsia are graduates of these schools. Later, Smagul writes in his memoirs: “When I studied in Poltava in 1913, the first issue of the Kazakh newspaper fell into my hands. The beautiful ornament of the yurt on the front page of the newspaper, the contents of the newspaper deeply touched my soul, I was overwhelmed with a sense of pride.”

In 1915, having received the degree of “public teacher,” Smagul became a teacher in a Russian-Kazakh school in the village of Siyrshy, which was later (in the 80s) renamed into the village of “Kyzyl tu” in the Leningrad district of the Kokshetau region (the regional newspaper “Kyzyl tu”, 1967, September 28. Information of his student S. Malikov. The famous linguist G. Musabaev was also Smagul’s student). Researcher K.R. Kemenger, relying on data obtained from the Omsk Regional State Archive, writes about how Smagul first came to his own village Zharkyn in August 1915 as a teacher, and how he attended lectures in schools in September /36 /. Additional information: S. Saduakas-uly studied at the school together with Omar Sansyzbayev, Zhakia Aubakirov, Mazhitdin Duisebekov, Bilyal Adibekov, Userbai Sabiev. Here Userbay was a brother of Koshke Kemengerov, who was brought up by his mother’s relatives.

In his statement to the Administration of the Centrosibir Association, Smagul writes: “After a year of work as a teacher, I entered the school’s agronomy department in order to continue my studies” / 37 /.

“In 1916, despite having passed the entrance exams at the Omsk Agricultural School, he decides to return to the village because of no scholarship (at that time only institutions provided scholarships from own budgets — D.K.); however, his comrades who studied with him raise funds to support him”/ 38 /. Who are his comrades mentioned in the newspaper? We found the answer to this question in archival data. In the year of when Smagul Saduakas-uly enters the school, there were few Kazakh children such as: Koshke Kemengerov, Smagul Kazybekov, Akhmet Abdrakhmanov, Sulembek Bizhanov, Mukhtar Samatov / 39 /. Of those who come with him – Zhunis Babataev, Asfandiyar Shormanov, Birmuhamed Aibasov. All of them later end up in the same organization of young Alash people “Zhas Azamat” in 1918-19, advocating the national independence of Kazakh people.

In this regard, the following should be noted: the total amount collected by the Omsk students for Smagul was 125 rubles. At that time, it was a lot of money. The good deed of the comrades left an indelible mark on Smagul’s soul.

Smagul writes: “When I was in third grade (a year before graduation), the military, who stayed in Omsk, seized the school building, and we were forced to suspend training / 40 /. Despite the fact that the school was interrupted, Smagul did not waste time. At the beginning of 1918 (during a break in training) he attends two lecture classes in a row: the first – cooperative courses opened at the Omsk Polytechnic Institute, the second – separate cooperative courses in Omsk (the last one studied from January 25 to April 10) / 41 /.

“In the summer of 1918, I taught classes on the basics of cooperation and environmental studies at the short-term two-month training courses for Kazakh teachers, organized by the Zemsky administration of the Akmola region.

Later I became a member of the Central Committee of the organization of young Alash people “Jas Azamat”. I am taking part in the work of this organization as much as I can.

Now (2.12.1918 – D.K.) I am acting as the head of the educational department of the Kazakh branch of the Zemsky administration of the Akmola region. Along with this, I teach classes in natural sciences and physics in two-year teacher training courses at the specified institution.

I study at the cooperative faculty of the Omsk Agricultural Institute,” points out Smagul showing the documents to the leaders of a large Siberian association / 42 /.

The above-mentioned valuable facts about S. Saduakas-uly explain a lot that was unknown until today and help to find the answer to his complex fate.

Earlier in his request letter addressed to the leaders of the Centrosibir Association on December 2, 1918, Smagul says: “The following factors have a negative impact on the development of the Kazakh national culture and economy: on the one hand, technical and other economic methods have not been implemented to this day; on the other hand, they try to make enterprises whose foundations have already been laid unfeasible, complicate development by frightening people with a new type of economy. It is extremely important to consider this issue. My goal, as far as possible, is to devote all my knowledge and my whole life to serving my native people “/ 43 /.

On December 14, 1918, S. Saduakas-uly was hired as a trainee-instructor by the Centrosibir Association, which was engaged in non-commercial affairs (Omsk), carrying out cooperative work among representatives of other ethnicities. Thus, a young man who has mastered the basics of cooperation, applies the knowledge in practice, and gains experience. It should be noted that the historical reality is that being in this service, S. Saduakas-uly initiated the revival of the organization’s retail outlets among the Kazakhs, trained his compatriots to appreciate livestock products and correctly calculate their labor. Evidence of this is his articles published in the newspaper “Zhas Azamat” and the journal “Trudovaya Sibir”, which reflected the activities of the association.

S. Saduakas-uly, having worked in the Centrosibir Association until May 6, 1920, resigns of his own free will, for “not sharing the views of the department administration on the creation of cooperation on Kazakh land and considering further work as pointless” / 44 /. The document in which the statement of Smagul was registered indicates his new place of work – the Siberian Revolutionary Committee of the Youth Union (RKSM).

Between September 12-18, 1920 S. Saduakas-uly takes part in the First Conference of Eastern Youth in Moscow as a representative, and was elected a member of the central bureau, consisting of 9 people / 45 /.

Smagul, who gained recognition among the new political figures of the Soviet East, also becomes an object of interest for the leaders of the Government of Kazakhstan. At the end of September 1920, he was invited to Orenburg and appointed secretary of the Regional Committee of Youth / 46 /.

Having enough experience in the field of organizational issues of youth, Smagul in October-November 1920 gives lectures on organizational, business and economic issues at the courses for Kazakh youth that opened in Orenburg / 47 /.

On October 4, 1920, Smagul takes part in the First Congress of the All-Kazakh Councils in Orenburg (the name on the original is “jalpy qazaq sauetterinin birinshi toby”) as a delegate, speaks on behalf of the young Kazakh communists / 48 /.

In November of the same year, S. Saduakas-uly was hired by the newly formed Government of the Kazakh Autonomous Republic. At that time, he was only 20 years old.

On December 2, 1920, S. Saduakas-uly, along with such famous figures as A. Baitursynov, A. Bokeikhan, H. Bolganbai, J. Aymauytov, enters the editorial board on the development of textbooks in the Kazakh language, and the selection of fiction at the Kazakh State Publishing House / 49 /.

At the peak of his political career, a young public individual devoted all his strength to enhancing the young Kazakh Autonomy. He made every effort so that the Kazakh Autonomous Republic, headed by Seyitkali Mendeshev at that time, would not lose its territorial integrity.

Activities to address the territorial issues of the Kazakh land were carried out in three directions: 1) Accession of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk provinces to Kazakhstan, which are within the purview of the Sibrevkom; 2) The return of lands belonging to Kazakhs and Russians in the Ural and Astrakhan (Bukei) regions; 3) The accession of the Dzhetysuy and Syr Darya provinces which were included in the Turkestan Autonomy, to Kazakhstan, on agreement of this issue with the Kazakh leaders.

S. Saduakas-uly worked in these three areas, wrote articles on “national unity.”

In early May 1921, a delegation led by S. Mendeshev was sent to the leaders of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee in Omsk. The Deputy of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee (KIRCIC) Smagul Saduakas-uly, solving the issues of accession of the Semipalatinsk province to Kazakhstan, accompanied by several comrades, arrived in Semey on May 20 “/ 50 /.

On June 4 S. Saduakas-uly holds a meeting of the Semipalatinsk province. At his suggestion, “for the colonial activity,” the Provincial Executive Committee is completely dissolved; and a Provincial Revolutionary Committee (provincial committee) is created instead. By order of the government, he is appointed chairman of the specified provincial committee, and decides a number of economic and personnel issues of the province / 51 /. In addition, the leaders include representatives of Kazakh ethnicity.

“Between the 2nd and 3rd congresses (October 6–13, 1922 – D.K.) S. Saduakas-uly as a representative of the party’s regional committee was sent to the provinces. Before the 3rd congress, he was sent to Bukei for cooperation. After the 3rd congress, he worked at the collegium of the Land Commissariat, then moved to Gosplan “/ 52 /.

Indeed, in order to combat the consequences of the famine of the 1920s, the KazTsIK in 1922 sends him as the authorized representative to the Kostanai province. Here he again takes decisive steps, reports to the provincial leadership about illegal actions directed against the Kazakh people, dissolves the Torgai district committee, and creates a revolutionary committee instead. In the journal “Kyzyl Qazaqstan” he publishes travel notes “Kostanai-Torgai” about the distortions.

The obituary of S. Saduakas-uly, published in the Izvestia newspaper, says: “In 1923, he acted as chairman of the State Planning Commission of Kazakhstan.” According to information published in the “Sovetskaya Step” newspaper dated March 14, 1924, S. Saduakas-uly joined the board of the Kazakh State Planning Commission (Gosplan), headed the regionalization section (the regionalization section is a department that delineated the boundaries of Kazakh lands, delimited administrative-territorial units). The latest issue of the newspaper dated March 29 says: “The regionalization section, expressing confidence that the Syrdarya and Zhetisu regions will join the Kazakh Republic, is proposing a new regionalization project. According to the project, Kazakhstan should be divided into three regions: East Kazakhstan, the center is Omsk, Western Kazakhstan, the center is Orenburg, Southern Kazakhstan, the center is Tashkent. Orenburg was left the heart of the region. ” S. Saduakas-uly, in his research article “The main problems that occurred during the regionalization of Kazakhstan,” considering this problem from the perspective of the future Kazakh people, writes: “We have a very responsible task, since the land we have regionalized must withstand centuries. We must destroy the basis, created by the imperial colonial system, and the new basis should contribute to the improvement of productive forces, the development of the culture of Kazakhstan “/ 53 /.

S. Saduakas-uly, who was known in the Government of the Kazakh Republic in his twenties for his bold decisions and critical views, was respected among the people. Evidence of this is information that has come down to us. It was no coincidence that S. Saduakas-uly was commissioned to prepare a report for the 50th anniversary of the outstanding representative of the Kazakh people A. Baitursynov, held on February 11, 1923 in Orenburg.

In 1923, after the well-known event of Ahmetian studies, S. Saduakas-uly gives a lecture on Kazakh poetry at a party club (presumably the Sverdlov club in Orenburg). Here he deservedly speaks with great respect about the educator-linguist. There were opponents of his point of view who believed that it was politically incorrect. Smagul answered them the following: “If A. Baitursynov had not been our contemporary and left this life, a monument would have been erected to him / 54 /.

1923 is a special period in Smagul’s life. That year he marries Elizaveta (Zeynep) Alikhankyzy Bokeikhanova. With Elizaveta-Zeynep Smagul got acquainted in Omsk. Presumably, the marriage procedure took place in April in the city of Omsk, where Elizaveta’s relatives on the mother’s side lived, and in Zharkyn, Smagul’s home village.

Elizaveta Alikhankyzy Saduakasova (born April 25, 1903 in Omsk) graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow State University in 1927, earned a postgraduate degree (Aspirantura) in 1931, later received a PhD (Doktor) in medical sciences. She became the scientific secretary of the Institute of Health of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, then rose to the head of the department. In the scientific world of medicine, her 7 books, about a hundred scientific articles, are well known. She died on June 22, 1971.

S. Saduakas-uly, while working in Gosplan, April 11, 1923 writes a letter to I. Stalin with a request “to allow further studies in Moscow” (fulfilling the requirements of the party). On May 5, 1923, a request letter signed by Molotov arrives at the Kazakh Regional Committee. The letter says that the Central Committee of the RCP (b) approve S. Saduakas-uly’s trip to Moscow, and if possible, he can be involved in the translation of textbooks and literature in the Kazakh section of the Eastern Publishing Council. The response of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the RCP (b) to the letter of May 29 that year was as follows: “Due to the lack of specialists, it is not possible to send S. Saduakas-uly to Moscow.”

In early January 1925, S. Saduakas-uly was appointed editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Enbekshi Qazaq” (by tradition, in the periodical press, at the end of the newspaper, the surname of the publisher was indicated in twolanguages. So, in Kazakh, “Zhauapty shygarushy Smagul Saduagas-uly”, in Russian – “redaktor Smagul Saduakas-uly.” He worked as an editor in this publication from January 8, 1925 to February 20, 1926 (at the time when Smagul left for the Center for State Affairs or other business trips, his deputy signed at the end of the newspaper “uakytsha zhauapty shygarushy Beyimbet Mailin” (temporary editor Beiimbet Mailin). During the years of S. Saduakas-uly’s leadership, the level of “Enbekshi qazaq” increased significantly. In this regard, it should be noted that the newspaper “Enbekshi Qazaq” was considered the voice of the party and the government, but in fact it supported the patriotic mood of the newspaper “Qazaq” published by A. Baitursynov and A. Bokeikhan.

From the yellowed binder of the journal “Kyzyl Qazaqstan” (now the journal “Akikat”) / 55 /, preserved in the depths of the archive, we learn that S. Saduakas-uly was the editor in this edition from November 1924 to July 1925.

At the end of 1924, the Alka artistic and creative organization was created – the fruit of spiritual unity, the erudition of the Kazakh intelligentsia. Smagul also took part in a creative association, the leaders of which were A. Bokeikhanov and M. Zhumabaev.

The Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh Autonomous Republic held April 15-19, 1925, approved S. Saduakas-uly Commissar of Education. He worked in this position until the summer of 1927, during which he accomplished a lot of work. S. Saduakas-uly stepped up writing, translating, and publishing textbooks, cognitive, and scientific literature. In the newspaper “Enbekshі qazaq”, the editor of which he was, he published numerous critical articles on stage productions, wrote a book for actors “On the National Theater” (1926) with the aim of promoting theatrical art among the people.

Shortly after the Second Congress of the Soviets of Kazakhstan, the political situation in the Republic changed dramatically. Philip Goloshchekin, whom the Center sent here as the first secretary, began searching for the ideologists of his “small October” in Kazakhstan, and selecting members of the government. Soon, his criticism touched S. Saduakas-uly, J. Mynbaev, S. Khodzhanov.

Having openly expressed his opinion that “the Republic must take up the processing of raw materials, build plants, factories. Kazakhstan does not need a small October!”, S. Saduakas-uly is being persecuted by F. Goloshchekin. As a result, on March 6, 1927, Smagul Saduakas-uly was dismissed from the post of Commissioner of Public Education.

As a public figure, S. Saduakas-uly once again showed his strong personality at the VI conference of the Regional Party Committee on November 15-23, 1927. In search of justice, he made a lot of effort to get to this conference. He had to ask the regional committee. Evidence of S. Saduakas-uly’s unbending courage is his words uttered at the conference: “I cannot share the opinion of Goloshchekin.”

Since mid-1926, with reporting of Goloshchekin at meetings, in the press, it was claimed “about the erroneous actions” of S. Saduakas-uly. Thus, by administrative methods, Saduakas-uly’s eight-year political activity during the period of the Soviet government was stopped.

Smagul’s next job was outside of Kazakhstan. He became the rector of the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute, which at one time opened himself. The Institute was in the hands of the Central Asian Bureau of the VKP (b) and the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, so it had not yet managed to move from Tashkent. He did not work long as a rector, because after the high profile article in Center and the Union on “Natsionalnostyah i natsionalah” (Nationalities and nationals), published in 1928 in the first issue of the Bolshevik journal, he was relieved of his post in February-March 1928.

In the same Bolshevik journal, a 9-page article by S. Saduakas-uly and a 14-page article by Kosta Tabolov, “Confronting the National Democratic Movement (Response to Comrade Saduakas-uly)” were published. In the latter, every thought was distorted, which demonstrates the traditional policy of the government.

S. Saduakas-uly, after leaving the post of rector, in March 1928 leaves for Moscow, where at that time his father-in-law Alikhan Bokeikhan, wife Elizaveta, 3-year-old son Eskendir lived. From June 1, he got a job at the Institute of Oriental Studies as a researcher.

Despite the fact that he was sufficiently educated, he did not waste time and in August-September of the same year entered the specialty “Artificial Structures” of the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers, and on June 1, 1932 he graduates from the institute / 56 /. After entering the Institute, he brings his younger sister Orynbasar to Moscow, arranges her for one of the Moscow schools.

After graduating from the institute, he works as a deputy (civil engineer) of the site manager for the construction of the Moscow-Donbass railway. At this work, Smagul Saduakas-uly, who is distinguished by good health, develops an incomprehensible disease during the year and dies on December 16, 1933 in the Kremlin hospital. According to urban traditions, a farewell ceremony with the deceased was held on December 19 at the Moscow Club of Transport Engineers. After the mourning ceremony, the body of an outstanding figure was cremated.

Merits

In the years 1925-1927 being the commissar of public education S. Saduakas-uly showed organizational skills in the development of national culture, which strengthened his authority as a writer and enlightener. At the same time, he initiates the opening of the first state national theater, assists in the recording and registration of Kazakh songs, brings together experts who collect works by Abay and Sultanmakhmut, which testifies to his outstanding role in the history of the development of culture and literature.

He authored the novel “Sarsenbek”, several short stories, including “Kumis konyrau”, selected stories, literary and critical works, and informative materials.

S. Saduakas-uly stepped up writing, translating and publishing textbooks, cognitive, and scientific literature. He published numerous articles for stage productions, wrote a book for the actors “On the National Theater”.

The name of S. Saduakas-uly, who in the twenties was known for his bold decisions and critical views, was pronounced among the people with special respect. It was no coincidence that he was instructed to prepare a report for the 50th anniversary of the outstanding representative of the Kazakh people A. Baitursynov, held on February 11, 1923 in Orenburg.

Memory

On the eve of the 20th anniversary of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on January 21, 2011, thanks to an initiative group of scientists, the ashes of an outstanding figure were delivered from Moscow to Astana. At first he was buried at the “Kara Mola” (temporary cemetery), then in October 2013 he was reburied at the old Muslim cemetery, where the remains of Kenesary Kasymov’s soldiers lie. A monument from the Kazakh people / 57 / was erected on the grave.

Secondary schools in the district center of Akzhar, Akmola region and the city of Nur-Sultan were given the name of S. Saduakas-uly. Also, in Almaty, Kokshetau, Kyzylorda streets and avenues were named after an outstanding individual. In 1993, the Kokshetau Agricultural Institute was named after S. Saduakas-uly. After the merger of this educational institution with the Kokshetau State University named after S. Ualikhanov in 2011, the agricultural institute (faculty) was again named after S. Saduakas-uly.

References:

1.  Baitursyn-uly A. Shygarmalary. Almaty: Zhazushy, 1989.-283-pp.

2. Shonan-uly T. Qazaqstanda gylym-bіlіm, baspa zhumysy // «Kyzyl Qazaqstan», 1925, № 3-4-5, 39-p.

3. Kenzhebai-uly B. Otelmegen paryz // «Qazaq adebietі», 1957, 25 January

4. Togzhan-uly G. Adebiet zhane syn maselelerі. Kyzylorda, 1929, 139-p.; Mukan-uly S. 20 gasyrdagy qazaq adebietі. Kyzylorda, 1932.-14-15 p.; Beken-uly E. Ult kozgalysy zhane ultshyldyk adebiet. Kyzylorda 1935. – 14-15-pp.; Baidіlda-uly A. Maskeudegі qazaq shakіrtterіne zhasagan baiandama // «Zhana adebiet», 1929, №9;  Togzhan-uly G., Zhansugіr-uly І. Qazaqtyn teatr onerі turaly. Kyzylorda, 1933, 5-p.

5. Conquest R. Bol’shoi terror [Big terror]. 1-vol, Riga:  Rakstnieks, 1991. – 61-63 pp. 

6.  Archive of the NCS of Kazakhstan, №78754-case, 3-7-volumes.

7. Berdіbaev R.  Imandylyk (eske alu) // «Qazaq adebietі», 1991, 15 March.  

8. Dahshleiger G. Social’no-jekonomicheskie preobrazovanija v aule i derevne Kazahstana  [Socio-economic transformations in aul and village of Kazakhstan] (1921-1929) Almaty, 1965.- 536 pp.

9. Osipov V. Polnomochnyj organ CK RKP (b) v Kazahstane (1922-1924 gg.). Almaty, 1979.- 320 pp.; Osipov V. Vsmatrivajas’ v 20-30-e gody. Almaty, 1991.- 180 pp.

10. Koishybaev B. Kairatker Saduakasov // «Qazaq adebietі», 1988, 2 September; Koishybaev B. Tungyshtar tugyrynan oryn algan // «Socialistіk Qazaqstan», 1989, 28 March

11.  Darіmbetov B. Agyp otken bіr zhuldyz // «Zhalyn», 1990, № 3

12.  Kojieldiev M. Saduakastyn Smag-uly // «Ana tіlі», 1991, 18,25 July

13. Sansyzbaev N. Smagul Saduakasov // «Akikat», 1991, № 4

14. Kamzabek-uly D. Alashtyn uly – Smagul // «Zhuldyz», 1993, № 4

15. Saduakas-uly S. Tandamaly. 2-v. (compiler B.Darіmbet). Almaty: Joint Kazakh-Mongolian enterprise “Athan”, 1993

16. Saduakas-uly S. Ekі tomdyk shygarmalar zhinagy(compiler D.Kamzabek-uly). Almaty: Alash, 2003; Saduakas-uly S. Ush tomdyk shygarmalar zhinagy (compiler D.Kamzabek-uly). Astana: Nura-Astana, 2013

17.  Omby oblystyk memleket arhivі (OOMA) [Omsk Regional State Archive], 65-col., 57-inv., 7-file, 23-24-pp.

18.  Saduakas-uly S. Zhastarga – zhana zhol. Orynbor, 1921

19. Saduakas-uly S. Kirgizskaja literatura: istoriko-kriticheskij ocherk// Trudovaja Sibir’, 1919, № 1

20. «Bіrlіk tuy» newspaper, 1918 yr., 9,18 April

21. «Zhas azamat» newspaper, 1918 yr., 30 July

22.  OOMA, 151-col., 299-case, 27-file, 288-p.

23. OOMA, 151-col., 1-inv.,624-case, 5-6-pp.

24. Obituary (S. Saduakas-uly) // newspaper. «Izvestia», 1933, 18 December

25.  Same source

26. «Ushkyn» newspaper, 1920 yr.,15 October

27. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 5 May

28.  Qazaqstan Respublikasynyn zhanasha tarihynyn memlekettіk ortalyk arhivі (KRZhTMOA) [State Central Archive of Contemporary History of the Republic of Kazakhstan], 142-col., 1-inv., 55-case, 40-46-p.

29. KRZhTMOA, 142-col., 1-inv., 139-case, 39,45-p.

30. «Kyzyl Qazaqstan» journal, 1924, №11 – 1925,  № 7

31. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 8 January – 1926, 20 February

32. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 26-29 October

33. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 1926, 27 May

34. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 1926, 7 October

35. OOMA. 65-col., 57-case, 7-file, 23-24-pp.

36. Kemenger K.R. Ombyda okygan qazaqtar. Astana, 2007.- 48-49 pp.

37. OOMA. 151-col., 1-inv., 299-case, 289-p.

38. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 5 May. The newspaper published a brief biography of Education Commissar S.Saduakas-uly in this issue

39. OOMA. 65-col., 1-inv., 36-case, 65 and 96-p.

40.  OOMA. 151-col., 1-inv., 299-case, 289-p.

41.  Same source, 384-p.

42. Same source, 289-p.

43. OOMA. 151-col., 1-inv., 299-case, 27-file, 289-p.

44. OOMA. 151-col., 1-inv., 624-case, 5-6-p.

45.  “Zhizn’ nacional’nostej” newspaper (then became a journal), 1920 yr., 17 October

46. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 5 May

47. Saduakas-uly S. Zhastarga – zhana zhol. 1921, 2-p.

48.  “Ushkyn” newspaper, 1920 yr., 7 October

49. Central State Archive of Kazakhstan. 929-col., 1-inv., 20-g-case  9, 14, 22-p.

50. “Qazaq tіlі” gazetі, 1921 yr., 15 June

51. May-June-July 1921 issues of the provincial newspapers “Qazaq tіlі” and “Stepnaja pravda”

52. “Enbekshі qazaq” newspaper, 1925 yr., 5 May

53. “Sovetskaja Kirgizija” journal, № 2-3, 1923 yr.

54. Rossija i Central’naja Azija: 1905-1925 gg. sbornik dokumentov (compiler D. Amanzholova). Karagandy, 2005.- 376-p.

55. “Kyzyl Qazaqstan” journal, 1924 yr., № 11,12; 1925 yr., № 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

56. Archive MIIT. 1901-1936 zhyl aralygynda bіtіrgender retі. 10-inv., 2-case, 1-file.

57. Kamzabek-uly D. Ult kairatkerі Smagul Saduakas-uly ne ushіn Astanaga zherlenbek? // Aikyn, 6.01.2011; Kamzabek-uly D. Smagul Saduakas-uly: anyzdan – akikatka // Tіl, № 2-3, 2011.- P. 38-41; Kamzabek-uly D. Ult kairatkerі Smagul Saduakas-uly // Korporacija, № 3, 1-15.02.2011

Author: Kamzabekuly D., Doctor of Philology